{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:46:52Z","timestamp":1783338412296,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) under the Open Fund-Large Collaborative Grant","award":["OF-LCG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OF-LCG"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) under the Open Fund-Large Collaborative Grant","award":["MOH-000504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-000504"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NRF\u2019s Human Health and Potential (HHP) Domain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Maternal chronotype, maternal sleep, and breastfeeding practices are separately associated with maternal mood. However, it is not known if maternal mood mediates the associations between maternal chronotype or maternal sleep and breastfeeding duration. Objective: To investigate whether maternal mood mediates the associations of maternal chronotype and maternal prenatal sleep with breastfeeding duration in a multiethnic cohort of Singaporean mothers. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, caregivers of term-born, singleton infants (N = 340) completed the Horne\u2013\u00d6stberg Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ; 54 months), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; 26 weeks gestation), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; 26\u201328 weeks gestation) and State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-state, STAI-trait; 26\u201328 weeks gestation) and reported breastfeeding practices from 3 weeks to \u226512 months. Regression and mediation analyses were adjusted for maternal age, parity, maternal education, ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and mode of delivery. Results: Morningness was significantly associated with a longer breastfeeding duration (\u03b2 = 0.02, p = 0.037) and lower maternal anxiety symptoms (STAI-state: \u03b2 = \u22120.19, p = 0.006 and STAI-trait: \u03b2 = \u22120.18, p = 0.004). Lower maternal anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with a longer breastfeeding duration (STAI-state: \u03b2 = \u22120.02, p = 0.003; STAI-trait: \u03b2 = \u22120.02, p = 0.016). STAI-state, but not STAI-trait or EPDS, mediates the association between maternal chronotype and breastfeeding duration (\u03b2indirect = 0.004 (0.0004, 0.009)). Maternal mood did not mediate the association between maternal night sleep duration and breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: Maternal state-anxiety constitutes a behavioral pathway through which maternal chronotype influences breastfeeding duration. Strategies to target maternal anxiety in pregnant women with eveningness tendencies to promote breastfeeding duration are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T12:41:16Z","timestamp":1769431276000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mid-Pregnancy Maternal Anxiety Mediates the Association Between Maternal Chronotype and Breastfeeding Duration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1139-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur K.","family":"Abdul Jafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine K. H.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Fok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Khoo Teck Puat, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7471-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei Chien","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Kandang Kerbau Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5100-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oon-Hoe","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Kandang Kerbau Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Y. T.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9064-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynette Pei-Chi","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Kandang Kerbau Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Kandang Kerbau Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Gluckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap-Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Meaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1461-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birit F. P.","family":"Broekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, OLVG and Amsterdam UMC, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5938-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Wei","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Departments of Global Centre for Asian Women\u2019s Health, Dean\u2019s Office and Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) (2018). 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