{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T21:17:32Z","timestamp":1770412652068,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study evaluated whether yoghurt containing Apilactobacillus kunkeei DSM 12361 protects rats against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that this fructophilic probiotic, with anti-inflammatory properties, may affect NAFLD progression by improving the gut microbiome, lowering intestinal ethanol production, and modulating inflammatory and metabolic pathways linked to hepatic fat accumulation. Methods: Wister rats were randomized into three groups; rats in the control group (HFrD) were fed a high-fructose (70%) diet while rats in experimental groups were fed the same diet mixed with 10% of yoghurt containing YC-180 starter culture (HFrD-Y) or yoghurt containing YC-180 and Apilactobacillus kunkeei DSM 12361 (HFrD-Y-A). Results: After six weeks of intervention, levels of plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), interleukin (IL)-6, fecal ethanol, Enterobacteriaceae, and hepatic index were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) in the HFrD group as compared to rats in both experimental groups. Moreover, plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipid profile, glucose, and IL-6 were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) in rats of the HFrD-Y-A group than those in the HFrD-Y group. Furthermore, plasma levels of IL-10 and fecal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) in the experimental groups when compared to rats in the control group. Conclusions: In sum, the obtained results indicated that yoghurt containing Apilactobacillus kunkeei could decrease the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through (a) blocking the inflammation process associated with NAFLD, (b) enhancing the lipid profile, (c) lowering fecal ethanol, and (III) decreasing the levels of fecal Enterobacteriaceae in comparison with levels of fecal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in rats. More research on molecular mechanisms of the potential effects of the Apilactobacillus kunkeei strain against NAFLD is still required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1769442510000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supplementation of Yoghurt with Apilactobacillus kunkeei Strain Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fouad M. F.","family":"Elshaghabee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essam M.","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek A.","family":"Ebeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Poultry Production, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0686-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hashim S.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2984-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed","family":"Al Abdulmonem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","article-title":"Global Incidence and Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"29","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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