{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:55:59Z","timestamp":1783972559772,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007156","name":"Weber State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ambrose Amos Shaw Endowed Chair Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ambrose Amos Shaw Endowed Chair Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Carotenoids are pigmented phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties, known to protect against oxidative damage, especially in the context of intense exercise. The purpose of this paper was to observe and analyze the short-term effects of running a full marathon on skin and plasma carotenoid levels in endurance runners. Methods: This study recruited 24 healthy endurance runners (12 male, 12 female; mean age 37 years) registered for a 26.2-mile marathon. Skin carotenoid (SC) measures were taken via reflection spectroscopy, and plasma carotenoid concentrations (lycopene and \u03b2-carotene) were assessed via HPLC at three time points: pre-race, immediately post-race, and 48 h post-race. Changes across time were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Skin carotenoid levels significantly changed over time, dropping from pre-race to post-race (p &lt; 0.001), reflecting rapid utilization. At 48 h post-race, SC levels rebounded significantly, exceeding baseline measurements (p = 0.019). Plasma lycopene concentrations increased significantly from pre-race to post-race (p = 0.018) and remained elevated at 48 h. Plasma \u03b2-carotene concentrations showed no statistically significant change. Conclusions: The significant acute depletion of SC levels immediately following the marathon reflects the rapid utilization of these dermal antioxidants in response to the high oxidative stress generated by intense exercise. The elevation in plasma lycopene may reflect hemoconcentration resulting from intense activity and possible mobilization from tissue stores. The rapid rebound and overshoot in SC levels 48 h after the race are consistent with a recovery pattern of dermal carotenoid levels following acute depletion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:12:23Z","timestamp":1769674343000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Marathon Running on Skin and Plasma Carotenoids in Endurance Runners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Damon","family":"Joyner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy M.","family":"Covey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson St., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Komperda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson St., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-810X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saori","family":"Hanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Dowdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacie","family":"Wing-Gaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, 1435 Village Dr., Ogden, UT 84403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini, R.K., Prasad, P., Lokesh, V., Shang, X., Shin, J., Keum, Y.-S., and Lee, J.-H. 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