{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T23:03:51Z","timestamp":1776294231940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The distribution of body mass index (BMI) categories at celiac disease (CD) diagnosis in children is changing, and the impact of a gluten-free diet (GFD) on BMI status remains incompletely understood. We aimed to evaluate the distribution of BMI categories at CD diagnosis and their changes after 12\u201318 months on a GFD in Italian children. Methods: Children and adolescents aged 0\u201318 years who received a new diagnosis of CD at 23 Pediatric Gastroenterology referral centers in Italy were retrospectively enrolled. We analyzed their BMI status at diagnosis, classifying them as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. BMI changes were assessed after 12\u201318 months on a GFD. Results: Among the 4967 children (mean age 7.1 \u00b1 4.1 years, M:F = 1827:3140), 4.4% were underweight, 77.5% normal weight, 12.7% overweight, and 5.4% obese at diagnosis. Overweight\/obese children were more likely to have a family history of CD, associated conditions, and an asymptomatic presentation. After 12\u201318 months of GFD, 55.7% of underweight children achieved normal weight, and 23% of overweight\/obese reverted to normal weight. Conversely, 10.9% of normal-weight children and 3.2% of underweight children became overweight\/obese. Conclusions: At diagnosis, most children were normal weight, but 18.1% presented with overweight\/obesity. After 12\u201318 months on a GFD, BMI normalized in over half of underweight but in fewer than one-quarter of overweight\/obese subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:38:12Z","timestamp":1770046692000},"page":"501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Body Mass Index Status in Italian Children with Celiac Disease at Diagnosis and After 12\u201318 Months on a Gluten-Free Diet: A Multicenter Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6676-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Monzani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Abbattista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Crocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Pediatria e Neonatologia Imperia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Giannina Gaslini, 18100 Imperia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Marcolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1082-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Paggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Montuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia Pediatrica, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I\/Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gagliostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia Pediatrica, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I\/Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mandato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salern Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salern Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5849-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cristofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruggiero","family":"Francavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Zuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigi","family":"Petrela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Valitutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Alberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4896-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Villa Sofia\u2014Cervello Hospital, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Citrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Villa Sofia\u2014Cervello Hospital, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Spetrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialized Clinical Sciences and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Siena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Trovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Semplice Riabilitazione Nutrizionale, Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Gastroenterologia e Nutrizione, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Parma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cMariani\u201d Center for Fragile Child, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Lariana, Sant\u2019Anna Hospital, 22042 Como, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-6004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Mennini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso (NESMOS), U.O.C. Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Andrea, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naire","family":"Sansotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Hepatology Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Felici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Unit, Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria SS. Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5834-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Illiceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, \u201cSanto Spirito\u201d Hospital of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Terzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, 24068 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7250-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2043-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licia","family":"Pensabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.169","article-title":"The overweight: A rare presentation of celiac disease","volume":"70","author":"Capriati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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