{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:48:43Z","timestamp":1790840923998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Energy availability (EA) is associated with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport syndrome. This study assessed the EA, body composition, and phase angle (\u03c6) of adolescent artistic gymnasts during a competitive season. Methods: Thirty non-elite artistic gymnasts aged 11\u201314 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric data were collected and body mass index (BMI) was assessed using the World Health Organization growth charts. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed and diet and physical activity were recorded for three days. Dietary and physical activity records were analyzed to estimate energy intake, total energy expenditure (TEE), and exercise energy expenditure, from which energy balance (EB) and EA were calculated. The 95% confidence ellipses of the impedance (Z) vectors were compared with a reference population using the two-sample Hotelling\u2019s T2 test. Correlations between variables were examined by Pearson\u2019s or Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at \u03b1 = 0.05. Results: All participants were classified within the normal BMI category, except for one who was classified as being overweight. Mean (\u00b1 SD) fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and \u03c6 were 16.1 \u00b1 3.4%, 83.9 \u00b1 3.4%, and 6.0 \u00b1 0.6\u00b0, respectively. The 95% confidence ellipses of Z vectors differed significantly from the reference population. Energy balance was 32 \u00b1 223 kcal\/day and EA was 49.2 \u00b1 11.4 kcal\/kg FFM\/day. Energy availability was significantly correlated with EB, TEE, and body composition variables. Conclusions: Adolescent non-elite artistic gymnasts showed no clear indications of LEA and exhibited a normal body composition and \u03c6 during the competitive season, consistent with their EA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:03:29Z","timestamp":1770113009000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Energy Availability, Body Composition, and Phase Angle Among Adolescent Artistic Gymnasts During a Competitive Season"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2568-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneta","family":"Grompanopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5148-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigoni","family":"Kypraiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios C.","family":"Milosis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9490-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Chourdakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5060-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoli","family":"Petridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994","article-title":"2023 International Olympic Committee\u2019s (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. 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