{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:30:21Z","timestamp":1787981421016,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AIRC (Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) Foundation"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health \u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To assess the relationship between adherence to various plant-based diets, as measured by overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diet indices (PDI, hPDI, uPDI), and ovarian cancer risk. Methods: We obtained data on 1031 cases of ovarian cancer and 2411 controls from a case-control study conducted in Italy. PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were calculated using data from a validated food frequency questionnaire. We used logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ovarian cancer for PDI, hPDI, and uPDI, adjusting for several possible confounders. Results: PDI and hPDI were inversely related to ovarian cancer risk (OR = 0.70 for the fourth compared to the first quartile, 95% CI: 0.55\u20130.89, and OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53\u20130.84, respectively). On the other hand, a higher uPDI was related to a higher risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.40\u20132.28). The estimates for a 5-point increment in the indices were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81\u20130.95) for PDI, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83\u20130.96) for hPDI, and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07\u20131.23) for uPDI. Consistent associations for the three indices were observed across strata of age, family history of breast\/ovarian cancer, educational level, parity, oral contraceptives use, and menopausal status. Conclusions: Plant-based diets favorably influence ovarian cancer risk; plant-based diets characterized by a high intake of unhealthy plant foods are linked to an increased risk. Promoting diets rich in healthy plant foods could support the reduction of ovarian cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1770309047000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Plant-Based Diets and Ovarian Cancer Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5841-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Turati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Mignozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Parazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia S. A.","family":"Augustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9381-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerry","family":"Polesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6163-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigino","family":"Dal Maso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Negri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1441-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"La Vecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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