{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:09:26Z","timestamp":1770962966871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["European Regional Development Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["European Regional Development Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hungarian Academy of Sciences"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hungarian Academy of Sciences"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hungarian Research Network - HUN-REN","award":["TKCS-2021\/32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKCS-2021\/32"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["Project No. 135784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. 135784"]}]},{"name":"National Laboratory for Health Security Hungary","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006"]}]},{"name":"Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["BO\/00513\/23\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00513\/23\/5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EK\u00d6P-24-4 University Research Scholarship Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-24-4 University Research Scholarship Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009232","name":"University of Debrecen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Program for Scientific Publication"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Program for Scientific Publication"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Folate is essential for one-carbon metabolism, yet deficiency remains common in non-fortified populations. Bitter-taste-receptor genetics may influence vegetable intake and thus folate status, but the cumulative impact of sensory genetics, diet, and sociodemographic factors is unclear. This study aimed to investigate how taste-related genetic variants, aggregated into a polygenic score (PGS), together with dietary behavior and sociodemographic factors, modulate serum folate levels in a Hungarian adult population, including Roma ethnic minority participants. Methods: In a cross-sectional sample of 626 adults (312 from the Hungarian general population and 314 from the Roma ethnic minority), serum folate was quantified by chemiluminescent immunoassay, and eight taste-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. A four-SNP PGS (TAS2R19 rs10772420, OR10G4 rs1527483, TRPV1 rs8065080, and CD36 rs1761667) was optimized via the stepwise method (\u0394R2 criterion, FDR q &lt; 0.05). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess associations with continuous folate, and logistic models were used to evaluate deficiency risk (\u226413 \u00b5mol\/L; area under the curve, AUC). Interaction terms were tested for effect modification by education and vegetable intake, and mediation pathways were examined by structural equation modeling with 1000 bootstrap replications. Results: TAS2R19 rs10772420 was found to be the strongest predictor of serum folate level. This effect remained significant even after adjusting for vegetable intake (\u03b2 = 1.12 nmol\/L; p = 0.003), suggesting a persistent genetic association independent of vegetable intake. The taste-related PGS exhibited a significant dose\u2013response relationship with folate levels (p &lt; 0.001) but had only modest discriminatory power for deficiency (AUC = 0.569). Higher educational attainment amplified the associations between the PGS and folate levels (p for interaction &lt; 0.05), whereas vegetable intake did not mediate genetic effects. The associations were consistent across Hungarian general and Roma population subgroups. Conclusions: Bitter-taste-receptor genetics are associated with serum folate levels in a pattern not substantially mediated by self-reported vegetable intake, and this influence is further modified by education. These findings support the development of genome-informed, culturally tailored nutrition strategies for non-fortified populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:42:42Z","timestamp":1770640962000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Folate Status Shaped by Taste Receptor Genetics and Sociobehavioral Modulation: Evidence from a Hungarian Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-907X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Piko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Health Security, Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Dioszegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-UD Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9679-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roza","family":"Adany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Health Security, Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-UD Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000992","article-title":"Folate and DNA methylation: A review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate\u2019s role","volume":"3","author":"Crider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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