{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T06:02:45Z","timestamp":1771135365752,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01BX001142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX001142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK6BX006189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK6BX006189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DK56061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK56061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AA018071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA018071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Biotin plays important roles in critical metabolic reactions and also contributes to the regulation of gene expression. While its role in regulating gene expression via transcriptional\/epigenetic mechanisms is well established, little is known about its ability to regulate expression at the post-transcriptional level. Methods: To address this, we examined how biotin deficiency affects microRNAs (miRNAs) expression in the colon, a tissue that is impacted by deficiency of this micronutrient. Results: We identified (by miRNA sequencing) 26 miRNAs whose expression was significantly altered in the colon of biotin-deficient mice compared with pair-fed controls. Among these, ten miRNAs with known roles in mucosal physiology and inflammation were selected for direct validation, and their altered expression patterns were confirmed by RT-qPCR. In silico analyses further revealed that important proteins involved in maintaining normal colonic function (the tight junction protein ZO1 and the stem cell marker LGR5) and in mediating inflammation (NLRP3 and calprotectin), all of which are dysregulated in biotin deficiency, possess putative binding sites on 3\u2032-UTR for several of the altered miRNAs. Moreover, transient transfection of miR-190a-5p and miR-199a-5p, whose expression was upregulated during biotin deficiency and predicted to target ZO1 and LGR5, respectively, in human colonic NCM460 cells, led to a significant reduction in the level of the corresponding mRNAs, confirming functional regulation of these targets. IPA further showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs are associated with gastrointestinal and inflammatory disease pathways. Conclusions: Findings of this investigation show that biotin deficiency disrupts colonic miRNA expression, potentially contributing to downstream alterations in important physiological and inflammatory protein expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:52:21Z","timestamp":1770979941000},"page":"612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biotin Deficiency Alters the Expression Profile of Colonic microRNAs: Possible Contribution to the Alterations in Expression of Proteins Involved in the Maintenance of Colonic Physiology and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subrata","family":"Sabui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalidas","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selvaraj","family":"Anthonymuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid M.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_1","article-title":"Biotin: Biochemical, physiological and clinical aspects","volume":"56","author":"Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8726","article-title":"Biotin starvation causes mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation and partial rescue by the SIRT3-like deacetylase Hst4p","volume":"6","author":"Madsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701200","article-title":"Biotin deficiency induces Th1- and Th17-mediated proinflammatory responses in human CD4+ T lymphocytes via activation of the mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"200","author":"Elahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(79)90103-5","article-title":"The requirement for biotin and fatty acids in the cytotoxic T-cell response","volume":"48","author":"Kung","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0607428","article-title":"Biotin deficiency upregulates TNF-alpha production in murine macrophages","volume":"83","author":"Kuroishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097543","article-title":"Biotin status affects nickel allergy via regulation of interleukin-1beta production in mice","volume":"139","author":"Kuroishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2003.07.001","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by biotin (review)","volume":"14","author":"Zempleni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.8","article-title":"Biotin","volume":"35","author":"Zempleni","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"73","article-title":"Regulatory role, mechanism, and metabolic profile of Biotin in gene expression","volume":"20","author":"Wal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacogenomics Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karachaliou, C.E., and Livaniou, E. (2024). Biotin Homeostasis and Human Disorders: Recent Findings and Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126578"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1612891","article-title":"Biotin attenuation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism alteration and 7\u03b2-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death in 158N murine oligodendrocytes","volume":"53","author":"Sghaier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12869","article-title":"High-dose biotin restores redox balance, energy and lipid homeostasis, and axonal health in a model of adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"30","author":"Fourcade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.28.7.285","article-title":"Synthesis of vitamins by intestinal bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Burkholder","year":"1942","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104380","article-title":"Products of the colonic microbiota mediate the effects of diet on colon cancer risk","volume":"139","author":"Ou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.092023","article-title":"Cell and molecular aspects of human intestinal biotin absorption","volume":"139","author":"Said","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G73","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00059.2003","article-title":"Biotin uptake by human intestinal and liver epithelial cells: Role of the SMVT system","volume":"285","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1365","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.275.5.C1365","article-title":"Biotin uptake by human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells: A carrier-mediated process shared with pantothenic acid","volume":"275","author":"Said","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(88)90482-8","article-title":"Biotin transport in rat intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles","volume":"945","author":"Said","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"744","article-title":"Vitamin status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"84","author":"Xiol","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537009","article-title":"Biotin effects in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Okabe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"425","article-title":"Vitamins and alcoholism. V. Riboflavin, VI. Niacin, VII. Pantothenic acid, and VIII. Biotin","volume":"50","author":"Bonjour","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-024-01641-8","article-title":"Genome sequencing enables diagnosis and treatment of SLC5A6 neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Riley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-016-1751-x","article-title":"Mutations in SLC5A6 associated with brain, immune, bone, and intestinal dysfunction in a young child","volume":"136","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.001533","article-title":"Inheritable biotin-treatable disorders and associated phenomena","volume":"6","author":"Sweetman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2005.10.017","article-title":"From an inborn error patient to a search for regulatory meaning: A biotin conducted voyage","volume":"87","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325753","article-title":"Impairment of gut microbial biotin metabolism and host biotin status in severe obesity: Effect of biotin and prebiotic supplementation on improved metabolism","volume":"71","author":"Belda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.67.170","article-title":"Serum biotin level during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and preterm delivery","volume":"67","author":"Ichihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120513","article-title":"Impaired biotin status in anticonvulsant therapy","volume":"12","author":"Krause","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1985.tb18447.x","article-title":"Biotin status of epileptics","volume":"447","author":"Krause","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, H.M. (2018). Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Elsevier Press. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809954-4.00054-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G64","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00379.2012","article-title":"Conditional knockout of the Slc5a6 gene in mouse intestine impairs biotin absorption","volume":"304","author":"Ghosal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G518","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00172.2019","article-title":"Tamoxifen-induced, intestinal-specific deletion of Slc5a6 in adult mice leads to spontaneous inflammation: Involvement of NF-\u03baB, NLRP3, and gut microbiota","volume":"317","author":"Sabui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C73","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00319.2017","article-title":"Biotin and pantothenic acid over-supplementation to conditional SLC5A6 KO mice prevents the development of intestinal mucosal abnormalities and growth defects","volume":"315","author":"Sabui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G561","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00240.2016","article-title":"Role of the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) in the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity","volume":"311","author":"Sabui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)30520-1","article-title":"Tamoxifen-inducible SLC5A6 conditional (intestinal-specific) knockout (ISMVT-CKO) in adult mice leads to biotin deficiency and chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"154","author":"Sabui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.11.011","article-title":"Biotin Supplementation Ameliorates Murine Colitis by Preventing NF-\u03baB Activation","volume":"9","author":"Skupsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J.C., Jacobs, J.P., Hwang, M., Sabui, S., Liang, F., Said, H.M., and Skupsky, J. (2023). Biotin Deficiency Induces Intestinal Dysbiosis Associated with an Inflammatory Bowel Disease-like Phenotype. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020264"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Song, R., Wang, Z., Jing, Z., Wang, S., and Ma, J. (2018). S100A8\/A9 in inflammation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01298"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901363","article-title":"Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression","volume":"183","author":"Bauernfeind","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.09.002","article-title":"Mechanism and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000043","article-title":"The role of vitamins and minerals in modulating the expression of microRNA","volume":"27","author":"Beckett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couturier, A., Keller, J., Most, E., Ringseis, R., and Eder, K. (2014). Niacin in pharmacological doses alters microRNA expression in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098313"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1976","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiles in rats with selenium deficiency and the possible role of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in cardiac dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81910","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18434","article-title":"Integration of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and microRNA expression profiling reveals a miR-143-HK2-glucose network underlying zinc-deficiency-associated esophageal neoplasia","volume":"8","author":"Fong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmoselhi, A.B., Seif Allah, M., Bouzid, A., Ibrahim, Z., Venkatachalam, T., Siddiqui, R., Khan, N.A., and Hamoudi, R.A. (2023). Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of early vascular damage in vitamin D deficiency, obese, and diabetic patients. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283608"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2016.1276681","article-title":"Vitamin D limits inflammation-linked microRNA expression in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo: A new mechanism for the regulation of inflammation by vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Karkeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J., Hayder, H., Zayed, Y., and Peng, C. (2018). Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1142","article-title":"The miRNA-target interactions: An underestimated intricacy","volume":"52","author":"Diener","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)01018-3","article-title":"Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets","volume":"115","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05150","article-title":"Genome-wide survey of tissue-specific microRNA and transcription factor regulatory networks in 12 tissues","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: A Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01845-4","article-title":"microRNAs in newborns with low birth weight: Relation to birth size and body composition","volume":"92","author":"Bassols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59904","article-title":"Roles of microRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G170","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00214.2020","article-title":"Talk about micromanaging! Role of microRNAs in intestinal barrier function","volume":"319","author":"Engers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarani, R., Shojaeian, A., Palasca, O., Doncheva, N.T., Jensen, L.J., Gorodkin, J., and Pociot, F. (2022). Differentially expressed miRNAs in ulcerative colitis and crohn\u2019s disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.865777"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001815","article-title":"microRNA in inflammatory bowel disease at a glance","volume":"32","author":"Vahedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110505","article-title":"Biotin controls intestinal stem cell mitosis and host-microbiome interactions","volume":"38","author":"Neophytou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashiyama, M., Miura, S., and Hokari, R. (2023). Modulation by luminal factors on the functions and migration of intestinal innate immunity. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1113467"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/4\/612\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T05:17:31Z","timestamp":1771132651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/4\/612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18040612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18040612","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}