{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:22:33Z","timestamp":1790716953258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control","award":["SKL202415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202415"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020727","name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KF202508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF202508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M772964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M772964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: While probiotics may offer therapeutic benefits for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), their impact on inflammatory markers in ALD patients is still uncertain. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with alcoholic liver disease, particularly examining its role in modulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify randomized controlled trials investigating probiotic interventions in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Seven independent comparisons were chosen for meta-analysis to evaluate probiotics\u2019 effects on inflammatory markers, with subgroup analyses examining the impact of region, formulation type, and gender. Results: The findings demonstrated that probiotics led to a significant reduction in IL-6 levels (SMD = \u22120.68, 95% CI [\u22121.15; \u22120.20], p = 0.005). No statistically significant effect of probiotics on interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) (SMD = \u22120.35, 95% CI [\u22120.87, 0.17], p = 0.18) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels (SMD = \u22120.73, 95% CI [\u22121.68, 0.21], p = 0.13) was observed. Notably, probiotics were associated with a significant increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels (SMD = 0.93,95% CI [\u22120.02; 1.87], p = 0.05). Subgroup analyses further revealed that the efficacy of probiotics in reducing IL-6 levels was more pronounced in studies characterized by higher proportions of Asian participants, solid dosage forms, and male subjects. Conclusions: Probiotics have notably reduced IL-6 levels by altering the gut microbiota and increased IL-10 levels, with limited impact on IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1. These results suggest probiotics could be used to treat ALD and emphasize the need for personalized probiotic approaches for different populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T11:45:58Z","timestamp":1771415158000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Efficacy of Probiotics on Inflammatory Cytokines in Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Focus on IL-6 and IL-10"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiadila","family":"Bahetiyaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Qingdao 266400, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2172-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunqing","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Qingdao 266400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Qingdao 266400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaiming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinchi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Qingdao 266400, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, Y., Jeong, I., and Kim, T.H. (2022). Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102530"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.005","article-title":"Contribution of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to the Burden of Liver-Related Morbidity and Mortality","volume":"150","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarlata, G.G.M., Colaci, C., Scarcella, M., Dallio, M., Federico, A., Boccuto, L., and Abenavoli, L. (2024). The Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Diseases, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0030.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magdaleno, F., Blajszczak, C.C., and Nieto, N. (2017). Key Events Participating in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Biomolecules, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom7010009"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240031","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2240031","article-title":"Unveiling the complex relationship between gut microbiota and liver cancer: Opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions","volume":"15","author":"Jayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meroni, M., Longo, M., and Dongiovanni, P. (2019). Alcohol or Gut Microbiota: Who Is the Guilty?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184568"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9219-x","article-title":"The role of lipopolysaccharide\/toll-like receptor 4 signaling in chronic liver diseases","volume":"4","author":"Soares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.123","article-title":"Kupffer cells are associated with apoptosis, inflammation and fibrotic effects in hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab. Investig. J. Tech. Methods Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, S., Christina, T., Stergios, V., and Eugenia, B. (2024). The Networked Interaction between Probiotics and Intestine in Health and Disease: A Promising Success Story. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010194"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106778","article-title":"Application of prebiotic stachyose on metabolic diseases and other human diseases through regulation of gut microbiota","volume":"127","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6673","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i29.6673","article-title":"Microbiota-based treatments in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2213","article-title":"Can probiotics decrease the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women?","volume":"24","author":"Harahap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharma Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harahap, I.A., and Suliburska, J. (2021). Probiotics and Isoflavones as a Promising Therapeutic for Calcium Status and Bone Health: A Narrative Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112685"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kezer, G., Paramithiotis, S., Khwaldia, K., Harahap, I.A., \u010cagalj, M., \u0160imat, V., Smaoui, S., Elfalleh, W., Ozogul, F., and Esatbeyoglu, T. (2025). A comprehensive overview of the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the gut-brain axis. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1651965"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13726","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13726","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 alleviates alcohol-induced gastric ulcers in mice via an anti-oxidative mechanism","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104386","article-title":"Anti-aging effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09-fermented soymilk on D-galactose-induced oxidative aging in mice through modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"78","author":"Xianrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G497","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00171.2004","article-title":"Recent advances in alcoholic liver disease. IV. Dysregulated cytokine metabolism in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"287","author":"McClain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28456","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and inflammasomes in alcoholic liver disease\/acute alcoholic hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"64","author":"Tilg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00422.x","article-title":"Implication of cytokines: Roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver injury","volume":"38","author":"Nagaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, J.H., Kim, S.E., Suk, K.T., and Kim, D.J. (2022). Gut microbiota-modulating agents in alcoholic liver disease: Links between host metabolism and gut microbiota. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.913842"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.05.002","article-title":"Recent Insights into the Hepatoprotective Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"125","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20f13681","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20f13681","article-title":"Mean Difference, Standardized Mean Difference (SMD), and Their Use in Meta-Analysis: As Simple as It Gets","volume":"81","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70089","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70089","article-title":"An alternative measure for quantifying the heterogeneity in meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e269","DOI":"10.69863\/dim.2024.e269","article-title":"Navigating heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Methods for identification and management","volume":"1","author":"Muhammad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Deka Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/096228020101000402","article-title":"A sensitivity analysis for publication bias in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Copas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macnaughtan, J., Figorilli, F., Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez, E., Lu, H., Jones, H., Sawhney, R., Suzuki, K., Fairclough, S., Marsden, J., and Moratella, A. (2020). A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota in Stable Cirrhotic Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061651"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00852-8","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus casei on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in patients with alcoholic liver injury","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000458","article-title":"Effects of probiotics (cultured Lactobacillus subtilis\/Streptococcus faecium) in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis: Randomized-controlled multicenter study","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"101","article-title":"Clinical effect of Yigong SAN combined with probiotics on alcoholic cirrhosis with spleen deficiency and dampness","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Med. Her."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"82","article-title":"Influebce of Clostridium Butyricum Tablets Combined with Polyene Phosphatidyl Choline on intestinal flora and inflammatory factors of patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, S.W., Kim, J.K., Lee, K.E., Oh, Y.J., Choi, H.J., Han, M.J., and Kim, D.H. (2020). A Probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri Alleviates Escherichia coli-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Mice by Regulating IL-1\u03b2 Expression and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113441"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106814","article-title":"Probiotics with ABCG2 expression ability and gut microbiota homeostasis exhibit anti-hyperuricemia potential by promoting uric acid excretion","volume":"128","author":"Yuting","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.03.007","article-title":"Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation","volume":"50","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"6","article-title":"Histamine H2 Receptor-Mediated Suppression of Intestinal Inflammation by Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri","volume":"6","author":"Chunxu","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113866","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota regulates colonic inflammation in fluorosis mice by TLR\/NF-\u03baB pathway through short-chain fatty acids","volume":"178","author":"Shaosan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.11.010","article-title":"Gut-liver axis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An input for novel therapies","volume":"45","author":"FFrasinariu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2017.68466","article-title":"The interplay between Th17 and T-regulatory responses as well as adipokines in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Jaroszewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2019.109445","article-title":"Interleukin-10 induces senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells via STAT3-p53 pathway to attenuate liver fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06306-1","article-title":"Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome-IL-1\u03b2 pathway in type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"68","author":"Meier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00650D","article-title":"Targeting heme oxygenase-1 by quercetin ameliorates alcohol-induced acute liver injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, C., Yang, H., and Zhang, Z. (2020). Involvement of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00139"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.01.004","article-title":"Inhibition of NLRP3 attenuates sodium dextran sulfate-induced inflammatory bowel disease through gut microbiota regulation","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5663","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03411E","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum LLY-606 supplementation ameliorates hyperuricemia via modulating intestinal homeostasis and relieving inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Vito, R., Conte, C., and Traina, G. (2022). A Multi-Strain Probiotic Formulation Improves Intestinal Barrier Function by the Modulation of Tight and Adherent Junction Proteins. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162617"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155345","article-title":"Multi-metabolomics and intestine microbiome analysis: YZC extract ameliorates septic-ALI by modulating intestine microbiota to reduce TMAO\/NLRP3 signaling","volume":"130","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, N., Jeltema, D., Duan, Y., and He, Y. (2019). The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100533","article-title":"Lactoferrin alleviates Western diet-induced cognitive impairment through the microbiome-gut-brain axis","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155002","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B inhibits atherosclerosis and TNF-\u03b1-induced inflammation by regulating NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"119","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28407","article-title":"Surviving process and transit: Controlled freeze drying, storage and enteric coated capsules for targeted delivery of probiotic Lactobacillusacidophilus","volume":"10","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2023.2202237","article-title":"Sensitive delivery systems and novel encapsulation technologies for live biotherapeutic products and probiotics","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.016","article-title":"Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorates cognitive impairment in obesity via the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"115","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-04001-8","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum upregulates GPR109A\/AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 and ameliorates acute pancreatitis-associated intestinal barrier injury in mice","volume":"206","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020494","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Attenuate 5-Fluorouracil-Induced THP-1 Cell Inflammation through Inhibiting NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 Signaling via Glycerolphospholipid and Sphingolipid Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals3040035","article-title":"The Novel Synbiotic, AG1\u00ae, Increases Short-Chained Fatty Acid Production in the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) Model\u00ae","volume":"3","author":"Trevor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa704","article-title":"Associations between gut microbiota, faecal short-chain fatty acids, and blood pressure across ethnic groups: The HELIUS study","volume":"41","author":"Verhaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.69","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of high-fat diet mediated gut microbiota in chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Jiali","year":"2023","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00966-0","article-title":"The individual response to antibiotics and diet\u2014Insights into gut microbial resilience and host metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Lars","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, T.A.F., Rogero, M.M., Hassimotto, N.M.A., and Lajolo, F.M. (2019). The Two-Way Polyphenols-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00188"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1810-2","article-title":"Effect of industrial trans-fatty acids-enriched diet on gut microbiota of C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"58","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emma, F.J., van de Marcel, W., Elena, N., Nikhat, C., Amira, K., and Diana, M. (2024). Local and Systemic Effects of Bioactive Food Ingredients: Is There a Role for Functional Foods to Prime the Gut for Resilience?. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050739"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiac038","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiac038","article-title":"The impact of environmental pH on the gut microbiota community structure and short chain fatty acid production","volume":"98","author":"Firrman","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121513","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in the Immune System Drive Differential Responses to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Sonja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-01022-y","article-title":"The steatotic liver disease burden paradox: Unravelling the key role of alcohol","volume":"22","author":"Torp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230398","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0398","article-title":"RISING STARS: Androgens and immune cell function","volume":"261","author":"Ainslie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108182","article-title":"Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) inhibition in atherosclerosis","volume":"238","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamas-Paz, A., Mesquita, M., Garcia-Lacarte, M., Est\u00e9vez-V\u00e1zquez, O., Bened\u00e9-Ubieto, R., Gutierrez, A.H., Wu, H., Leal Lasalle, H., Vaquero, J., and Ba\u00f1ares, R. (2024). Fecal microbiota transplantation from female donors restores gut permeability and reduces liver injury and inflammation in middle-aged male mice exposed to alcohol. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1393014"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3980-6","article-title":"Estrogen Enhances Esophageal Barrier Function by Potentiating Occludin Expression","volume":"61","author":"Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/4\/666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:13:35Z","timestamp":1771564415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/4\/666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18040666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18040666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]}}}