{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:55:28Z","timestamp":1790873728484,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, \u03b1Toc), an antioxidant fat-soluble vitamin that prevents lipid peroxidation and modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, is well-known to be critical for neuroprotection. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that \u03b1Toc influences neuroinflammatory processes. Here, we review recent research progress on the effects of \u03b1Toc on neuroinflammation. Preclinical studies included in this narrative review were identified through PubMed searches using the keywords \u201calpha-tocopherol AND neuroinflammation or alpha-tocopherol AND brain AND inflammation\u201d. While many studies support a neuroprotective role of \u03b1Toc, the magnitude and direction of its effects vary substantially depending on dosage, route of administration, types of \u03b1Toc substance, sex, and experimental design. The conclusions of this review apply only to \u03b1Toc and should not be extrapolated to other vitamin E isoforms. Collectively, these findings suggest that \u03b1Toc exerts beneficial effects primarily under specific conditions, and that a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating its neuroprotective actions may facilitate the optimization of therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:51:09Z","timestamp":1771491069000},"page":"676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Neuroprotective Effects of Alpha-Tocopherol as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5129-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megumi H","family":"Seese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanzhong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Houston Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.56.1458.650","article-title":"On the Existence of a Hitherto Unrecognized Dietary Factor Essential for Reproduction","volume":"56","author":"Evans","year":"1922","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.04.005","article-title":"Vitamin E nomenclature: Summary and response to articles published in the FRBM Vitamin E Discussion Forum","volume":"234","author":"Angelo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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