{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:45:17Z","timestamp":1778600717175,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MTE-DE Lend\u00fclet \u201cMomentum\u201d Research Group"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TKP 2021 EGA-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP 2021 EGA-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MTA-DE HUN-REN Cerebrovascular Research Group"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011903","name":"Gedeon Richter Talentum Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Ministry for Culture and Innovation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Migraine is a highly prevalent and disabling primary headache disorder frequently accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms and comorbid gastrointestinal diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiota and dysregulation of the microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain axis may contribute to migraine pathophysiology through immune activation, oxidative stress, impaired intestinal barrier function, and neuroinflammatory signaling. Objectives: This narrative review aims to summarize current mechanistic and clinical evidence linking the gut\u2013brain axis to migraine, with a particular focus on the potential roles of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics as adjunctive strategies in migraine management. Methods: A narrative synthesis of experimental, translational, and clinical studies was performed, focusing on microbiome composition, gut barrier integrity, immune and oxidative pathways, and interventional trials evaluating probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and microbiota-derived metabolites in adult and pediatric migraine populations. Results: Migraine has been associated with intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and low-grade systemic inflammation. Probiotics, most commonly strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, may modulate inflammatory cytokine profiles, enhance tight junction integrity, reduce oxidative stress, and influence neurotransmitter-related pathways along the gut\u2013brain axis. Clinical trials evaluating probiotic supplementation report heterogeneous but promising signals, including reductions in migraine frequency, severity, disability scores, and analgesic use, particularly in chronic migraine and pediatric populations. Emerging evidence also supports a potential role for prebiotics (e.g., inulin-type fructans) and microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, although direct clinical data remain limited. Conclusions: Modulation of the microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain axis represents a biologically plausible adjunct approach in migraine management. While probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics show potential benefits with favorable safety profiles, current evidence of their strain-, formulation-, and population-specific characteristics is lacking. Well-powered, placebo-controlled trials with standardized migraine endpoints and integrated microbiome and metabolomic analyses are needed to define responders, optimal interventions, and clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:05:27Z","timestamp":1771945527000},"page":"720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Migraine and the Gut\u2013Brain Axis\u2014The Role of Microbiome-Targeted Biotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9737-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rk","family":"Koz\u00e1k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Sitku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebeka","family":"Hodossy-Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-DE Lend\u00fclet \u201cMomentum\u201d Hemostasis and Stroke Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00f3ra","family":"S\u00e1pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"V\u00e1rkonyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagioli, V., Mela, F., Ferraro, P., Villano, G., Orsini, A., Diana, M.C., Striano, P., and Santangelo, A. (2025). The Interplay Between Gut Microbiota, Adipose Tissue, and Migraine: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020337"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirani, S.A., Khorvash, F., Saneei, P., Moradmand, Z., and Askari, G. (2024). Effects of Probiotic and Vitamin D Co-Supplementation on Clinical Symptoms, Mental Health, and Inflammation in Adult Patients with Migraine Headache: A Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03684-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03687-w","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic and Vitamin D Co-Supplementation on Migraine Index, Quality of Life, and Oxidative Stress in Adults with Migraine Headache: A Randomized Triple-Blinded Clinical Trial","volume":"64","author":"Tirani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105668","article-title":"Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation on Migraine Characteristics and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Women with Migraine: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"169","author":"Ghavami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.54293\/smhj.v5i3.166","article-title":"Association between Migraine and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Alshammari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi Med Horiz. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2023.05.001","article-title":"Headache in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Migraine prevalence according to the Migraine Screening-Questionnaire (MS-Q) and headache characteristics","volume":"47","author":"Muro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51455-3","article-title":"Migraine Is Associated with the Development of Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_413_21","article-title":"The Prevalence of Migraine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis the Prevalence of Migraine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Olfati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02039-7","article-title":"Unravelling the Gut-Brain Connection: A Systematic Review of Migraine and the Gut Microbiome","volume":"26","author":"Mugo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9872933","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9872933","article-title":"Evaluation of a Polyherbal Formulation on the Management of Migraine Headaches Due to Functional Dyspepsia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"2022","author":"Anushiravani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419857596","article-title":"Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Post-Prandial Migraine in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia","volume":"39","author":"Pucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13010","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13010","article-title":"Association of Helicobacter Pylori with Migraine Headaches and the Effects of This Infection and Its Eradication on the Migraine Characteristics in Adults: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Bawand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e42747","article-title":"Association Between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Migraine: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Sethia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e43760","article-title":"Unraveling Abdominal Migraine in Adults: A Comprehensive Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e85958","article-title":"Abdominal Migraine in Adults: A Narrative Review","volume":"17","author":"Niriella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.33570\/CEUJGH.8.1.17","article-title":"A Mikrobiom-Asszoci\u00e1lt Gyullad\u00e1s \u00c9s a Migr\u00e9n: A B\u00e9l\u2013Agy Tengely \u00dajabb \u00c1llom\u00e1sa?","volume":"8","author":"Jarecsny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beam, A., Clinger, E., and Hao, L. (2021). Effect of Diet and Dietary Components on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082795"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-025-01408-8","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome and Migraine: Updates in Understanding","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70316","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70316","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Migraine: Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Their Combinations","volume":"62","author":"Sivri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajhashemy, Z., Golpour-Hamedani, S., Eshaghian, N., Sadeghi, O., Khorvash, F., and Askari, G. (2024). Practical Supplements for Prevention and Management of Migraine Attacks: A Narrative Review. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433390"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1991.1103129.x","article-title":"A Population-Based Analysis of the Diagnostic Criteria of the International Headache Society","volume":"11","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing","volume":"97","author":"Goadsby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1078-9","article-title":"Gut-Brain Axis and Migraine Headache: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"21","author":"Arzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_201","article-title":"Role of CGRP in Migraine","volume":"Volume 255","author":"Brain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Mechanisms"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.345","article-title":"Development of the Thalamus: From Early Patterning to Regulation of Cortical Functions","volume":"8","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00584-7","article-title":"Migraine and the Microbiota. Can Probiotics Be Beneficial in Its Prevention?\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"76","author":"Kiecka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxwell, C.R., Spangenberg, R.J., Hoek, J.B., Silberstein, S.D., and Oshinsky, M.L. (2010). Acetate Causes Alcohol Hangover Headache in Rats. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015963"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"103","article-title":"Efficacy of Probiotics Administration in Prevention of Migraine in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study","volume":"18","author":"Bazmamoum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5c00236","article-title":"Bioengineering of Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces Boulardii for Advanced Biotherapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Ting","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak-Kope\u0107, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2020). The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, E.C., Odle, J., Blikslager, A.T., and Ziegler, A.L. (2021). Probiotics, Prebiotics and Epithelial Tight Junctions: A Promising Approach to Modulate Intestinal Barrier Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136729"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00308","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000308","article-title":"Human Intestinal Barrier: Effects of Stressors, Diet, Prebiotics, and Probiotics","volume":"12","author":"Camilleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0003","article-title":"The Effects of the Multispecies Probiotic Mixture Ecologic\u00ae Barrier on Migraine: Results of an Open-Label Pilot Study","volume":"6","author":"Giezenaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.57","article-title":"The Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic on Migraine and Markers of Intestinal Permeability\u2013Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"71","author":"Rovers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418820102","article-title":"The Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic Supplement on Inflammatory Markers and Episodic and Chronic Migraine Characteristics: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial","volume":"39","author":"Martami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0058","article-title":"The Probiotic Lactobacillus Casei Shirota Attenuates Symptoms of Vestibular Migraine: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"119","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotics on Headaches in Children with Migraine Treated with Sodium Valproate: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"17","author":"Bidabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Lauro, M., Guerriero, C., Cornali, K., Albanese, M., Costacurta, M., Mercuri, N.B., Di Daniele, N., and Noce, A. (2023). Linking Migraine to Gut Dysbiosis and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0845.v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10088","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO02796E","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Parallel Trial to Test the Effect of Inulin Supplementation on Migraine Headache Characteristics, Quality of Life and Mental Health Symptoms in Women with Migraine","volume":"15","author":"Vajdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07765-4","article-title":"Effect of Inulin Supplementation on Clinical Symptoms, Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Migraine: Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Vajdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., and He, K. (2023). The Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Severe Headaches or Migraine in US Adults. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1044066"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-023-01414-x","article-title":"The Functional Roles of Short Chain Fatty Acids as Postbiotics in Human Gut: Future Perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Ragavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanza, M., Filippone, A., Ardizzone, A., Casili, G., Paterniti, I., Esposito, E., and Campolo, M. (2021). SCFA Treatment Alleviates Pathological Signs of Migraine and Related Intestinal Alterations in a Mouse Model of NTG-Induced Migraine. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102756"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayak, S.K., Pradhan, P., Sahu, P.K., Parua, P., Ghosh, S., Jana, K., Debnath, B., Rath, G., Ghosh, G., and Kar, B. (2025). Current Trends in Management of Migraine: A Review of Current Practice and Recent Advances. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets.","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715273408295250825074429"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01594-1","article-title":"The Comparative Effectiveness of Migraine Preventive Drugs: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lampl","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1915327","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"383","author":"Ashina","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32342-4","article-title":"Migraine: Integrated Approaches to Clinical Management and Emerging Treatments","volume":"397","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Deutsche Migr\u00e4ne\u2014Und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG) (2026, February 14). Treatment of Migraine Attacks and Preventive Treatment of Migraine. 2022 Guideline. Available online: https:\/\/ihs-headache.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DMKG_Treatment-of-migraine-attacks-and-preventive-treatment-of-migraine-2022.pdf."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/5\/720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:19:00Z","timestamp":1772795940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/5\/720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18050720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18050720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]}}}