{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:29:10Z","timestamp":1772177350616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK103946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK103946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23DK110419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DK110419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K24HD071843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HD071843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K24DK109940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24DK109940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30DK057521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK057521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) results in significant changes in weight and body composition, along with glucose homeostasis improvement and type 2 diabetes resolution. In youth, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most frequently performed MBS. Long-term studies assessing the duration over which glucose homeostasis parameters improve after SG are sparse. Objective: To examine the duration over which SG impacts glucose homeostasis in youth. Methods: This 24-month prospective study enrolled 65 youth (49 females) with moderate\u2013severe obesity (mean age 18.0 \u00b1 0.3 years). A total of 28 underwent SG, while 37 non-surgical (NS) participants received routine lifestyle counseling. At baseline, 12- and 24-month follow-up visits, HbA1c, and fasting and post-prandial insulin and glucose levels at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min following a mixed meal tolerance test were obtained, and body composition was assessed. Results: At baseline, SG vs. NS had higher weight, body mass index (BMI) and percent fat mass (p \u2264 0.019), but did not differ for glucose homeostasis parameters. Over 24 months, reductions in weight-related parameters were noted in SG vs. NS (p \u2264 0.0001). Over 12 and 24 months, improvements occurred in HbA1c, fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and the Matsuda index in SG vs. NS (p \u2264 0.002). However, the between-group difference for changes in glucose homeostasis parameters between 12 and 24 months was not significant. Conclusions: Improvements in glucose homeostasis occur mostly in the first year following SG, with subsequent stabilization of these measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T12:35:17Z","timestamp":1772022917000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 24-Month Prospective Study of the Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Glucose Homeostasis in Youth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paola","family":"Lopez Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3363-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imen","family":"Becetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Lauze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Olivar Carreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9729-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vibha","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam A.","family":"Bredella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Imaging and Interventions, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5482-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhusmita","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan, S., Afful, J., Carroll, M., Te-Ching, C., Orlando, D., Fink, S., and Fryar, C. 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