{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:46:30Z","timestamp":1784544390938,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Polish Science START programme"},{"name":"Breakthrough-T1D research fellowship"},{"name":"CRIDO \u201cKorzenie Przyszlosci\u201d stipend"},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz\u2014Digital Medicine Center","award":["2023\/ABM\/02\/00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/ABM\/02\/00009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: It has been previously shown that bioimpedance assessment (BIA) systematically underestimates adiposity compared to densitometry analysis (DXA), though the methods correlate strongly. However, whether DXA outperforms BIA for physiology modeling\u2014using vitamin D as a sentinel signal\u2014remains uncertain. We compared DXA and BIA side-by-side to model (i) adiposity\u201325(OH)D associations, (ii) mediation-style links with metabolic outcomes, and the vitamin D\u2013PTH\u2013calcium axis. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 165 children with simple obesity and no vitamin D prophylaxis collected between July 2022 and July 2025. We measured adiposity through DXA and BIA methods, laboratory 25(OH)D, and associated biochemical and clinical parameters: PTH, calcium, phosphate, glucose\/insulin\/HOMA-IR, lipids. Information on age, sex, and season was recorded and used to adjust for potential covariates. Parallel analyses included partial correlations, linear regression, mediation models, and Bland\u2013Altman analysis for DXA\u2013BIA agreement. Results: The cohort median age was 13 years; median 25(OH)D level was 21.9 ng\/mL. DXA fat % exceeded BIA (46.6% vs. 36.7%). Univariately, 25(OH)D correlated inversely with adiposity (DXA rho = \u22120.16, BIA rho = \u22120.19), but adiposity was not a significant determinant of 25(OH)D after season\/age adjustment with either modality. No mediation of vitamin D to metabolic associations via adiposity were detected. The vitamin D\u2013PTH\u2013calcium axis was robust across modalities. Conclusions: In children with established obesity, seasonal and age factors dominate 25(OH)D variability, while the adiposity contributes little within-group. Vitamin D shows endocrine but not metabolic associations, and within this homogenous pediatric obesity cohort, DXA does not outperform BIA for physiologic modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:58:03Z","timestamp":1772114283000},"page":"750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Densitometry Versus Bioimpedance for Modeling Vitamin D\u2013Endocrine and Metabolic Associations in Pediatric Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Parallel-Modality Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Jakubowska-Pietkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Pathology and Bone Metabolic Diseases, University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6204-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"Chrzanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Pathology and Bone Metabolic Diseases, University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, February 17). 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Int."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/5\/750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:08:10Z","timestamp":1772114890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/5\/750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18050750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18050750","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}