{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:16:31Z","timestamp":1772118991012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Digestive cancers are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Although their etiology is not fully understood, diet is an important modifiable risk factor. This scoping review aimed to explore the existing evidence on the association between adherence to various plant-based dietary (PBD) patterns and the risk of major digestive cancers. Methods: The scoping review followed the Arksey and O\u2019Malley framework and Joanna Briggs Institute recommendations, and results were reported according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A systematic search was performed in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science between January 2020 and May 2025. Original observational studies and clinical trials in English or Spanish examining the association between PBD patterns and digestive cancers were included. Results: A total of 24 studies were identified, including 16 prospective cohort studies and 8 hospital-based case\u2013control studies, conducted mainly in Europe (n = 10), North America (n = 8), and Asia (n = 6). Most studies used food frequency questionnaires and predefined PBD indices, particularly the plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful (hPDI), and unhealthful (uPDI) (n = 13), while others assessed pro-vegetarian (n = 2) or EAT-Lancet dietary patterns (n = 3). Most studies reported protective associations with all digestive cancer localizations examined, particularly in relation to healthful PBD patterns: colorectal (13\/15), pancreatic (6\/7), liver (4\/4), esophageal (4\/5), stomach (3\/4) and oropharyngeal (2\/2) cancers. On the contrary, unhealthful PBD patterns were linked to a higher risk. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this review highlight that the quality of PBD patterns is crucial for digestive cancer risk. PBD patterns emphasizing whole and minimally processed plant foods were protective, while those characterized by refined or ultra-processed plant products were deleterious. A future standardization of PBD indices would help to improve comparability among studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:58:03Z","timestamp":1772114283000},"page":"756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adherence to Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Digestive Cancers: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4652-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Oncina-C\u00e1novas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, H\u00aa de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, H\u00aa de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3522-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Caba\u00f1as-Alite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, C. del Padre Julio Chevalier 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Comino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Mustieles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Radiodiagn\u00f3stico, Hospital Universitario Cl\u00ednico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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