{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T19:48:07Z","timestamp":1782416887336,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Caffeine is an ergogenic aid shown to delay fatigue, increase arousal, and improve performance. Recommended doses are 3\u20136 mg\/kg BM, although evidence supports lower doses (&lt;3 mg\/kg). Some conflicting results have highlighted that lower doses may still be ergogenic, and with new pouch and gum products, further research is warranted. Method: This study investigated the effects of novel low-dose caffeine products on muscular endurance, strength, and power. A repeated-measure, crossover design (pouch 80 mg, gum 80 mg, control gum 0 mg) was employed, recruiting nineteen participants (age 22.4 + 4.8 yrs; weight 72.8 + 16.9 kg; relative caffeine dose 1.1 mg\/kg). Participants completed a battery of tests, including 60% 1 RM single leg press (LP) and shoulder press (SP) to exhaustion, counter-movement jump, and isometric mid-thigh pull, in addition to providing ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during endurance tests. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted on all measures associated with physical tasks, with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA conducted for RPE. Results: No significance was observed among conditions for physical tests. However, effect sizes, employing Cohen\u2019s D classification, identified a moderate (d = 0.55) and small (d = 0.45) effect for the caffeine pouch compared to the placebo and caffeine gum for the LP respectively. Further, small effects for the pouch compared to the placebo were observed (d = 0.33) for the SP. Significant differences were produced for RPE during the LP (p = 0.022), with post hoc analysis identifying significant differences between the placebo vs. caffeine pouch (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Low-dose caffeine has the potential to produce meaningful effects on strength endurance, likely linked to caffeine mechanisms reducing RPE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:05:16Z","timestamp":1772211916000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of Novel Low-Dose Caffeine Products on Physical Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1831-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Thomas","family":"Hulton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition, Exercise, Chronobiology and Sleep, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel","family":"Staines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition, Exercise, Chronobiology and Sleep, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition, Exercise, Chronobiology and Sleep, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition, Exercise, Chronobiology and Sleep, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Matt","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2001). 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