{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:22:47Z","timestamp":1781191367227,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To determine whether caffeine supplementation and its expectancy influence muscle strength (ST) and muscle endurance (ME) using a balanced-placebo design. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, balanced-placebo design, resistance-trained men (18\u201330 years; n = 16) participated in two assessment\/familiarization visits (demographics; one repetition maximum (1RM) followed by four counterbalanced sessions: C\/C (informed caffeine\/used caffeine), P\/C (informed placebo\/used caffeine), C\/P (informed caffeine\/used placebo), P\/P (informed placebo\/used placebo). Caffeine dose was 5 mg\/kg. Peak torque (PT) and maximum work (MW) were measured in the knee extensors at 0, 60, 180, and 300\u00b0\/s, which was followed by ME testing (three sets of maximal repetitions using 60%1RM). Capillary blood lactate was measured after ME testing. Results: Caffeine increased PT only during static and 60\u00b0\/s contractions (4%; p \u2264 0.003; d = 0.3 for both speeds), while MW increased across all speeds (4%; p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.2). Caffeine did not increase ME (3%; p = 0.184; d = 0.1), but it did increase blood lactate levels (1.2 mmol\/L; p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.7). Caffeine expectation did not improve ST or ME, but increased blood lactate levels (0.7 mmol\/L; p = 0.003; d = 0.4). Across ST and ME, responses to caffeine were markedly heterogeneous, with 50\u201388% of individuals considered responders (\u2206 &gt; 0), and improvements in responders ranged from 1\u201316%. Conclusions: Caffeine significantly increased ST, despite ME increasing in 50% of participants, this was not significant. No placebo effect was observed in ST or ME, but it significantly increased lactate. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms behind this variability in the ME response, especially the role of fiber-type predominance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1772554725000},"page":"801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Caffeine Supplementation Increases Muscle Strength, but Not Endurance, While Both Caffeine and Its Expectation Elevate Blood Lactate: A Balanced-Placebo Design Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgard Melo Keene Von Koenig","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA"},{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Janssen Gomes","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Cardiac Autonomic Function Research Group, Centro Universit\u00e1rio Euro Americano-UNIEURO, Brasilia 71900-100, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7722-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Ives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Eckhardt","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keila Elizabeth","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c1f88a","article-title":"Efficacy of Acute Caffeine Ingestion for Short-Term High-Intensity Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Astorino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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