{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:34:48Z","timestamp":1772692488006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) Open Fund-Large Collaborative","award":["OF-LCG; MOH-000504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OF-LCG; MOH-000504"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21ES035148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21ES035148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES033688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES033688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although there is substantial research into individual nutrients during pregnancy, such as folate, iron, and vitamin D, little is known about the impact of mixtures of essential nutrients. We investigated the associations between mixtures of maternal essential minerals and vitamin concentrations and child cognition and executive functions at age 7. Methods: Data from 348 mother\u2013child pairs in the Growing up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes birth cohort with both plasma nutrient and neurodevelopmental outcome data were used. Gestational fasting plasma samples between 26 and 28 weeks of gestation were analyzed for 10 essential minerals and 12 B and D vitamers. Child cognition and executive functions at 7 years were assessed using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence 2nd Edition (WASI-II) [n = 331] and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2nd Edition (BRIEF-2) [n = 348], respectively. Generalized weighted quantile sum regression (gWQS) was used to investigate the associations between nutrient mixtures and child cognitive executive function scores. Single-nutrient analysis using covariate-adjusted multivariable regressions was performed as a sensitivity analysis. Results: A one-quartile increase in the positively weighted nutrient mixture index was associated with higher block design T-scores (\u03b2 = 2.17, 95% CI: 0.03, 4.31). Additionally, the negatively weighted mixture was associated with lower block design (\u03b2 = \u22122.25, 95% CI: \u22124.92, 0.41, p = 0.02) and perceptual reasoning (\u03b2 = \u22121.94, 95% CI: \u22125.17, 1.29, p = 0.04) scores in boys only. We found no association between the nutrient mixture and BRIEF-2 subscale T-scores. Conclusions: In this study, we found that a positively weighted nutrient mixture index of maternal gestational minerals and vitamins was associated with a greater ability in children to analyze and understand abstract visual items.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1772554725000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive and Executive Function Scores at Age 7 in Relation to Maternal Mid-Pregnancy Plasma Nutrient Mixtures in a Singaporean Family Follow-Up Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0309-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana","family":"Leader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8557-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4467-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Renzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Shi","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7232-8473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yap-Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan G.","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4683-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn C.","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0587-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Foong-Fong","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3530-3023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiao-Yng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damaskini","family":"Valvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5901-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Oulhote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq001","article-title":"Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Fraser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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