{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:38:05Z","timestamp":1790141885740,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Council of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0233439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0233439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Gonzalo Rio Arronte","award":["S687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S687"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Added sugar (AS) intake has been linked to chronic diseases, yet evidence in children under 2 years remains limited. Aim: Characterise AS intake in children \u2264 2 years with associated appetite, satiety, growth, adiposity, and breastfeeding duration. Methods: We analysed data from 248 mother-child pairs from the MAS-Lactancia birth cohort. Intake of AS and energy was estimated using data from 24 h dietary recalls. AS intake was classified in tertiles as low (0 g), medium (0.01\u20136.96 g), and high (&gt;6.96 g). Major food group contributors to AS intake were identified. Appetite and satiety indicators were measured using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Adiposity was evaluated using body mass index-for-age Z score, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness. Growth was assessed using length-for-age Z score (ZLA). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted. Results: AS intake and its contribution to total energy increased with age. Major contributors to AS intake were infant formulas, table sugars, and sweet baked goods. Longer exclusive and continued breastfeeding were associated with lower AS intake. Compared to low intake, children with high AS intake had higher scores for emotional overeating (\u03b2 = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.04, 1.12) and food fussiness (\u03b2 = 1.45, 95% CI: 0.38, 2.53). High AS intake was also associated with lower ZLA (\u03b2 = \u22120.17 z, 95% CI: \u22120.32, \u22120.01) and higher waist circumference (\u03b2 = 2.02 cm, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.73). Conclusions: Among children \u2264 2 years, AS intake \u2265 7 g\/d was associated with suboptimal growth, central adiposity, and less favourable eating behaviours. Longer breastfeeding duration may protect against AS exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:17:31Z","timestamp":1772641051000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early Life Added Sugars and Associated Appetite, Satiety, Growth and Adiposity in the First 2 Years of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5771-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Barrag\u00e1n-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"},{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9\u2009JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivonne","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Olvera-Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"},{"name":"Nutrition Academic Area, Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, San Agustin Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9716-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Ancira-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City 01219, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2586-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Dommarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1397-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Cantoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City 01219, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1388-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"\u00c1vila-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n Auxiliar M\u00e9dica de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Delegaci\u00f3n Estatal Morelos, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuernavaca 62000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Terrazas Meraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8212-2794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSalvador Zubiran\u201d National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Threapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9\u2009JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx020","article-title":"Perspective: Total, Added, or Free? 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