{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:53:23Z","timestamp":1785419603295,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-25195; HHSN268201500001; R01AG059727, R01AG016495, R01AG008122; RF1AG062109;  U19AG068753;  R01AA028263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-25195; HHSN268201500001; R01AG059727, R01AG016495, R01AG008122; RF1AG062109;  U19AG068753;  R01AA028263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20SFRN35360180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20SFRN35360180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alcohol use patterns influence health outcomes. This study examined sex-specific drinking trajectories and their associations with all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US-based Framingham Heart Study. Method: Among 6570 participants (mean age: 55 \u00b1 13; 55% women) followed for 15 years, a growth mixture model identified four sex-specific alcohol consumption trajectories. Cox models examined associations of alcohol trajectories with CHD and mortality over 10 years of follow-up, adjusting for covariates. Results: This study identified four distinct, sex-specific alcohol consumption trajectories: the Moderate-Decreasing group (1179 women, 0\u201314 g\/day; 1534 men, 0\u201328 g\/day) showed a declining moderate intake, The Low-to-None group included light or non-drinkers (992 women, 826 men), the Inverse-U group (606 women, 199 men) showed variable intake over time, while the High-Decreasing group (858 women, 376 men) had high initial consumption (women &gt; 14 and men &gt; 28 g\/day) that declined over time. Compared with the Moderate-Decreasing group, women in other groups had higher CHD risks (HRs 1.58\u20131.61) and greater mortality risk in the Low-to-None (HR 1.25) and Inverse-U (HR 1.28) groups. Men in Low-to-None had higher mortality (HR 1.17) and CHD (HR 1.60), while High-Decreasing showed the highest mortality (HR 1.27). Low-to-moderate drinking was associated with lower mortality and CHD risks; however, these findings do not confirm the protective effects of alcohol use. Discussion: Our findings suggest that sustained low to moderate drinking was associated with lower risks of mortality and CHD in both women and men, compared to high-level or fluctuating patterns. Although these associations may not confirm causality, our findings emphasize the importance of investigating long-term drinking patterns in public health. Nevertheless, we caution against promoting moderate alcohol use as a strategy to reduce mortality risk or prevent CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:29:53Z","timestamp":1772724593000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex-Specific Fifteen-Year Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Their Association with Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: The Framingham Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8098-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanming","family":"Leng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huitong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5135-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Framingham, MA 01702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7478-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiantao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9160-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018). 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