{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:39Z","timestamp":1790709759732,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82500743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82500743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025QC1384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC1384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science, Education and Industry Integration Innovation Pilot Project from Qilu University of Technology","award":["2025YSZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YSZX01"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Shandong Province","award":["2025YSYY-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YSYY-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Propionate, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, has previously been shown to alleviate chronic alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by preserving intestinal barrier integrity. However, its direct hepatoprotective mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, employing an acute ALD model to minimize the interference from gut\u2013liver axis effects, we investigated the direct hepatic protection of propionate. Results: Our results demonstrated that propionate administration significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress. Consistently, in EtOH\/OA (oleic acid)-exposed AML-12 hepatocytes, propionate enhanced cell viability and reduced lipid accumulation. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that propionate altered hepatic proteins and metabolites profiles to stimulate lipolysis, promote fatty acid oxidation, and strengthen antioxidant defenses, consequently restoring lipid homeostasis in ALD mice. Mechanistically, we identified that these beneficial effects may be driven by the upregulation of regucalcin (RGN) following propionate treatments, which, in turn, may activate downstream PPAR\u03b1 signaling via increased levels of p-AMPK, PPAR\u03b1, ACOX1 and CPT1A. Conclusions: These findings provide novel insight into the liver-centric mechanism through which propionate ameliorates ALD and further support its therapeutic potential in ALD treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:49:42Z","timestamp":1773071382000},"page":"872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal the Direct Hepatic Protection of Propionate Against Alcoholic Liver Disease via the RGN-PPAR\u03b1 Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Haidi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Shanwei ImmunoTech Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengjiao","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0544-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Shanwei ImmunoTech Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Shanwei ImmunoTech Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319720","article-title":"Recent advances in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD): Summary of a Gut round table meeting","volume":"69","author":"Avila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00688-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated cirrhosis and HCC: Trends, projections and risk factors","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0014-7","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Seitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077090","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077090","article-title":"Advances in the understanding and management of alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"383","author":"Thursz","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J. Hepatol., 69, 154\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.018"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052235","article-title":"Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors-Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307568","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2307568","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived indole compounds attenuate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by improving fat metabolism and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1854675","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02001-w","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and its metabolite propionic acid maintains neuronal mitochondrial division and autophagy homeostasis during Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologic process via GPR41 and GPR43","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035","article-title":"Propionic Acid Shapes the Multiple Sclerosis Disease Course by an Immunomodulatory Mechanism","volume":"180","author":"Duscha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17836","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202317836","article-title":"Propionate reinforces epithelial identity and reduces aggressiveness of lung carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Ramesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c00633","article-title":"Propionate Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice via the Gut-Liver Axis: Focus on the Improvement of Intestinal Permeability","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-030435","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding of Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-021-0842-9","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics revealed extensive microenvironmental changes after stem cell transplantation in ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhaj, M.R., Lawler, N.G., and Hoffman, N.J. (2021). Metabolomics and Lipidomics: Expanding the Molecular Landscape of Exercise Biology. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030151"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-021-00588-5","article-title":"Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate: A review of their roles in forensic toxicology analysis of alcohol postmortem","volume":"40","author":"Alsayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00888-9","article-title":"SMP30-mediated synthesis of vitamin C activates the liver PPARalpha\/FGF21 axis to regulate thermogenesis in mice","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-119","article-title":"Upregulation and stabilization of senescence marker protein-30 by epigallocatechin gallate against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo","volume":"68","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9575","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000455R","article-title":"Propionic acid and not caproic acid, attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and improves (cerebro) vascular functions in obese Ldlr-\/-.Leiden mice","volume":"34","author":"Tengeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate Protects From Hypertensive Cardiovascular Damage","volume":"139","author":"Bartolomaeus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.037","article-title":"Effect of ethanol on lipid metabolism","volume":"70","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000433","article-title":"Targeting hepatic serine-arginine protein kinase 2 ameliorates alcohol-associated liver disease by alternative splicing control of lipogenesis","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29342","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202411200","article-title":"Ethanol induces fatty acid synthesis pathways by activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)","volume":"277","author":"You","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156125","article-title":"Qiwei Jinggan Ling regulates oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in alcoholic liver disease by activating AMPK","volume":"135","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16075","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28889","article-title":"Plin3 protects against alcoholic liver injury by facilitating lipid export from the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"120","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.09.020","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases","volume":"78","author":"Fromenty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.11.006","article-title":"Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Protects against Ethanol-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Promoting Autophagy","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101923","article-title":"Mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics and proteomic responses in fatty acid oxidation disorders","volume":"41","author":"Raimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0619","article-title":"ETV5 Regulates Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Through PPAR Signaling Pathway","volume":"70","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52606","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152606","article-title":"CEST-2.2 overexpression alters lipid metabolism and extends longevity of mitochondrial mutants","volume":"23","author":"Piazzesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.023","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics reveals the role of AQP9 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mice model","volume":"219","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167045","article-title":"Exercise ameliorates lipid droplet metabolism disorder by the PLIN2-LIPA axis-mediated lipophagy in mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1870","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12243","article-title":"Deficiency of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) in mice causes low ketone body levels and fatty liver during fasting","volume":"43","author":"Otsuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00840-w","article-title":"Bdh1 overexpression ameliorates hepatic injury by activation of Nrf2 in a MAFLD mouse model","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.-T., Hu, C.-Z., Zhang, X., Qin, Z., Yan, Z.-G., Wei, Q.-Q., Wang, S.-X., Xu, Z.-J., Li, R.-R., and Liu, T.-J. (2020). Protein acetylation in mitochondria plays critical functions in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-06837-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07965-2","article-title":"HADHA alleviates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in NAFLD via inactivation of the MKK3\/MAPK pathway","volume":"50","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R119000547","article-title":"Alcohol effects on hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"61","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111258","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v16.i4.111258","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pentadecanoic acid","volume":"16","author":"Mercola","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venn-Watson, S., and Schork, N.J. (2023). Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0), an Essential Fatty Acid, Shares Clinically Relevant Cell-Based Activities with Leading Longevity-Enhancing Compounds. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.0508.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00557-x","article-title":"The micro-743a-3p-GSTM1 pathway is an endogenous protective mechanism against alcohol-related liver disease in mice","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156426","article-title":"Chaihuang Yishen Granule ameliorates mitochondrial homeostasis by upregulating PRDX5\/TFAM axis to inhibit renal fibrosis in CKD","volume":"139","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Zhao, S.X., Chen, Y.C., Wang, J.W., and Han, F.R. (2025). Protocatechualdehyde attenuates oxidative stress in diabetic cataract via GLO1-mediated inhibition of AGE\/RAGE glycosylation. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1586173"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03980-6","article-title":"Depdc5 deficiency exacerbates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis via suppression of PPARalpha pathway","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156215","article-title":"Flavonoids from Rhododendron nivale Hook. f ameliorate alcohol-associated liver disease via activating the PPARalpha signaling pathway","volume":"135","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundsgaard, A.M., Fritzen, A.M., and Kiens, B. (2020). The Importance of Fatty Acids as Nutrients during Post-Exercise Recovery. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020280"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.04.132","article-title":"PPARalpha agonist WY-14,643 induces the PLA2\/COX-2\/ACOX1 pathway to enhance peroxisomal lipid metabolism and ameliorate alcoholic fatty liver in mice","volume":"613","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155285","article-title":"Formononetin promotes fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1\/PPAR\u03b1 pathway","volume":"124","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2439","article-title":"ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-alpha and PGC-1","volume":"17","author":"Haemmerle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04942-0","article-title":"ACACA reduces lipid accumulation through dual regulation of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function via AMPK-PPAR\u03b1-CPT1A axis","volume":"22","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110533","article-title":"Functional pleiotropy of calcium binding protein Regucalcin in signaling and diseases","volume":"102","author":"Danish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.69.388","article-title":"Resveratrol Upregulates Senescence Marker Protein 30 by Activating AMPK\/Sirt1-Foxo1 Signals and Attenuating H(2)O(2)-Induced Damage in FAO Rat Liver Cells","volume":"69","author":"Inoue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42042-7","article-title":"The endoribonuclease Arlr is required to maintain lipid homeostasis by downregulating lipolytic genes during aging","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12722","article-title":"Involvement of senescence marker protein-30 in glucose metabolism disorder and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Kondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo, Y., Hasegawa, G., Okada, H., Senmaru, T., Fukui, M., Nakamura, N., Sawada, M., Kitawaki, J., Okanoue, T., and Kishimoto, Y. (2013). Lepr(db\/db) Mice with senescence marker protein-30 knockout (Lepr(db\/db)Smp30(Y\/-)) exhibit increases in Small Dense-LDL and Severe Fatty Liver Despite Being Fed a Standard Diet. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065698"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6082-8_5","article-title":"Circadian Clock Regulation on Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"1276","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205755119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205755119","article-title":"Circadian clock controls rhythms in ketogenesis by interfering with PPARalpha transcriptional network","volume":"119","author":"Mezhnina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106062","article-title":"Inulin alleviates inflammation of alcoholic liver disease via SCFAs-inducing suppression of M1 and facilitation of M2 macrophages in mice","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13500","article-title":"The effects of dietary supplementation with inulin and inulin-propionate ester on hepatic steatosis in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Chambers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115069","article-title":"In vitro fecal fermentation of propionylated high-amylose maize starch and its impact on gut microbiota","volume":"223","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/5\/872\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T16:00:20Z","timestamp":1773072020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/5\/872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18050872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18050872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]}}}