{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:48:23Z","timestamp":1784825303981,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COFUND-ERA-HDHL ERANET Project, European and International Cooperation","award":["25\/01.09.2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25\/01.09.2017"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS\u2013UEFISCDI","award":["PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aim: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease influenced by dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and host biochemical processes. Oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been implicated in oral and systemic pathophysiology, but their combined association with caries experience remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between caries indices, diet, smoking, oxidative stress markers, and AGEs in adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on adults enrolled in the SALIVAGES project (2018\u20132020). Dental status was assessed using the DMFT index. Dietary habits and smoking status were recorded using a validated questionnaire. Oxidative stress parameters (TAC, TOS, OSI, NO, MDA, total thiols) and AGEs (FruLys, MG-H1, CML, CEL, Pyr, Arg, Lys) were quantified in saliva and plasma. Associations were analyzed using correlation tests and multivariable regression models (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: The mean DMFT was 21.89 \u00b1 7.13, with missing teeth predominating. Caries experience was significantly associated with oxidative stress, AGEs, diet, and lifestyle. Higher decay scores were associated with increased NO and total thiols and reduced antioxidant capacity. Several salivary AGE-related biomarkers (FruLys, MG-H1, CML, and CEL) were negatively associated with the decay index. Sugary beverages, refined carbohydrates, pastries, and donuts were strongly positively associated with the decay index, whereas wholemeal bread showed an inverse association with caries indices. Smoking was independently associated with higher decay and DMFT values, corresponding to an approximately three-unit higher DMFT score. Conclusions: Caries experience in adults is associated with dietary, lifestyle, and biochemical factors. Sugar intake and smoking showed the strongest associations with caries indices, while oxidative stress parameters and selected salivary AGE-related biomarkers showed weaker but significant inverse associations with decay. These findings support preventive strategies targeting diet quality, smoking cessation, and redox balance to reduce oral disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18060923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:32:07Z","timestamp":1773667927000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Triangle Between Oxidative Stress, Advanced Glycation End Products and Dental Caries in the Context of Diet and Lifestyle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Candrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio Danilo","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3960-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandrina","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7166-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana-Roxana","family":"Bordea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anida-Maria","family":"B\u0103b\u021ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-4188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmina Ioana","family":"Bondor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8987-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"T\u0103ulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5981-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1624-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgeta","family":"Inceu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina Bianca","family":"Bo\u0219ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1494-3519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Michele","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"SALIVAGES Project Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5947-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianna","family":"Dipalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University Italy Macerata, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan University, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Manig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hellwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Henle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1033-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aranka","family":"Ilea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2023.10.018","article-title":"Improving Oral Health of Older Adults for Healthy Ageing","volume":"19","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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