{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:03:51Z","timestamp":1789833831711,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the possible association among texture, oral processing and starch digestive characteristics of hard-cooked (HP) and soft-cooked (SP) potato samples, as well as their acute postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response, when co-ingested with rice in a meal. Methods: HP and SP replaced one-third of rice carbohydrates. Postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses were measured after test meal ingestion. In vitro experiments evaluated sample physicochemical properties. Results: HP retained more resistant starch (RS) and total phenolics than SP. When co-ingested with rice (HP + R), HP elicited more total chews, higher oral sensory exposure time, slower chewing frequency and longer eating duration. HP + R significantly reduced postprandial glucose iAUC, peak glucose and glycemic excursion. SP + R increased glycemic variability despite reduced iAUCglucose. HP + R also lowered iAUCinsulin, peak insulin and insulin resistance index. The hypoglycemic effect did not extend to the second meal, though composite iAUCglucose over 540 min was reduced. Conclusions: Partially substituting rice with hard-cooked potatoes may help stabilize postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses, an effect largely attributable to RS retention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18060973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:49:24Z","timestamp":1773924564000},"page":"973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Minimally Cooked Potato Improved Glycemic Response Across Two Meals and Insulin Sensitivity of Rice\u2013Potato Mixed Meals: A Randomized Controlled Acute Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5570-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinjie","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kainan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rok, H., Jaka, S., Mojca, J., Andrej, J., and Vita, D. (2023). Insulin Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Secretion, Signaling, and Clearance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043140"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Epigenetic\/circadian clocks and PCOS","volume":"6","author":"Camille","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2023.0153","article-title":"Dynapenic Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Health in Non-Geriatric Patients with Obesity","volume":"22","author":"Akbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02614-x","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Mechanism and role in diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, D., Edward, A.R., Peterson, K.E., Campos, H., and Baylin, A. (2021). Starchy Vegetables and Metabolic Syndrome in Costa Rica. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051639"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, D., Rehm, C.D., and Harry, Z. (2013). Vegetable Cost Metrics Show That Potatoes and Beans Provide Most Nutrients Per Penny. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063277"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-019-0422-8","article-title":"Antioxidant and phenolic contents in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and micropropagated potatoes","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, N., Wen, S., Huo, Z., He, Z., Sun, T., Hu, J., Sonestedt, E., Born\u00e9, Y., and Zhang, S. (2024). Association Between the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234073"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e073939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073939","article-title":"Association between changes in carbohydrate intake and long term weight changes: Prospective cohort study","volume":"382","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996","article-title":"Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6794","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1924144","article-title":"Starchy vegetable intake in the first trimester is associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective population-based study","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.033","article-title":"Mid-pregnancy consumption of fruit, vegetable and fruit juice and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A correlation study","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Association between dietary glycemic load during first trimester and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-023-00855-8","article-title":"Fruit, vegetable, and fruit juice consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis: List of all authors","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e082121","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-082121","article-title":"Total and specific potato intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from three US cohort studies and a substitution meta-analysis of prospective cohorts","volume":"390","author":"Mousavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.02.010","article-title":"The Association of Potato Intake with Risk for Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Adults","volume":"42","author":"Farhadnejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.04.003","article-title":"The impact of sodium and potassium on hypertension risk","volume":"34","author":"Madias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez128","article-title":"The effects of fruit consumption in patients withhyperuricaemia or gout","volume":"58","author":"Takahiko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Zhou, Y., Yuan, Y., Fan, Z., Wu, Y., Liu, A., and Lu, X. (2020). Potato Preload Mitigated Postprandial Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Subjects: An Acute Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092759"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012042","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/207\/1\/012042","article-title":"Exploring the potency of gathotan and gathot as diabetes functional food: Resistant starch analysis","volume":"207","author":"Puspaningtyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"334","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with resistant starch contributes to intestinal health","volume":"26","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1018","article-title":"Eating slowly increases the postprandial response of the anorexigenic gut hormones, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"95","author":"Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.3.362","article-title":"Glycemic Index of Foods: A Physiological Basis for Carbohydrate Exchange","volume":"34","author":"Jenkins","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.817","article-title":"Colonic Fermentation of Indigestible Carbohydrates Contributes to the Second-Meal Effect","volume":"83","author":"Brighenti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China: Determination of Moisture in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.3-2016)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China: Determination of Fat in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.6-2016)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China: Determination of Protein in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.5-2016)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023). National Food Safety Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China: Determination of Dietary Fiber in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.88-2023)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023). National Food Safety Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China: Determination of Starch in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.9-2023)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China: Determination of Ash in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.4-2016)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(96)00056-8","article-title":"The classification and measurement of dietary carbohydrates","volume":"57","author":"Englyst","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01206K","article-title":"Shape up! How shape, size and addition of condiments influence eating behavior towards vegetables","volume":"10","author":"Wijne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520005036","article-title":"Some pearl millet-based foods promote satiety or reduce glycaemic response in a crossover trial","volume":"126","author":"Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.02.067","article-title":"Relationship between structure and functional properties of normal rice starches with different amylose contents","volume":"125","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117894","article-title":"Roasting oat-based paste modulates postprandial glucose and insulin sensitivity: Roles of acrylamide, texture, and starch fractions","volume":"223","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: Comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp","volume":"22","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cooking Methods Altered the Microstructure and Digestibility of the Potato","volume":"70","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Starch-St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.118","article-title":"Comparison of physicochemical properties of indigenous Ethiopian tuber crop (Coccinia abyssinica) starch with commercially available potato and wheat starches","volume":"140","author":"Abera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhang, L., Li, J., Wu, Q., Qian, L.L., He, J.S., Ni, Y.Q., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Yuan, R., and Liu, S.B. Resistant starch intake facilitates weight loss in humans by reshaping the gut microbiota. Nat. Metab., 6, 578\u2013597.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00988-y"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02189-1","article-title":"Combined effect of interventions with pure or enriched mixtures of (poly) phenols and anti-diabetic medication in type 2 diabetes management: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled human trials","volume":"59","author":"Raimundo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp3.10315","article-title":"(Poly)phenols of apples contribute to in vitro antidiabetic properties: Assessment of Canada\u2019s Apple Biodiversity Collection","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants People Planet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, G., and Sheedy, K. (2020). Effects of Polyphenols on Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103135"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.114191","article-title":"Non-enzymatic browning of lotus root during boiling","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12745","article-title":"Understanding the oral processing of solid foods: Insights from food structure","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02466-z","article-title":"Increased oral processing and a slower eating rate increase glycaemic, insulin and satiety responses to a mixed meal tolerance test","volume":"60","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrea, A.A., Benavent-Gil, Y., and Rosell, C.M. (2019). Effect of Bread Structure and In Vitro Oral Processing Methods in Bolus Disintegration and Glycemic Index. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092105"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.06.006","article-title":"Effects of thorough mastication on postprandial plasma glucose concentrations in nonobese Japanese subjects","volume":"54","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metab.-Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.05.011","article-title":"Increased number of chews during a fixed-amount meal suppresses postprandial appetite and modulates glycemic response in older males","volume":"133","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.4.647","article-title":"Effect of the glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based breakfast meals on glucose tolerance at lunch in healthy subjects","volume":"69","author":"Liljeberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0523","article-title":"Second-meal effects of pulses on blood glucose and subjective appetite following a standardized meal 2 h later","volume":"39","author":"Mollard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602273","article-title":"Determination of glycaemic index; some methodological aspects related to the analysis of carbohydrate load and characteristics of the previous evening meal","volume":"60","author":"Granfeldt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbac171","article-title":"A single administration of barley \u03b2-glucan and arabinoxylan extracts reduce blood glucose levels at the second meal via intestinal fermentation","volume":"87","author":"Mio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0023","article-title":"Resistant starch intake at breakfast affects postprandial responses in type 2 diabetics and enhances the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide\u2014Insulin relationship following a second meal","volume":"38","author":"Macneil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, X., Fan, Z., Wei, J., Liu, R., Lou, X., Hu, J., and Xing, Y. (2024). Fresh-Cooked but Not Cold-Stored Millet Exhibited Remarkable Second Meal Effect Independent of Resistant Starch: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234030"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, M.A.G., Canfora, E.E., Jocken, J.W.E., and Blaak, E.E. (2019). The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081943"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600837","article-title":"Breakfast glycaemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes: Effects of bedtime dietary carbohydrates","volume":"53","author":"Axelsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1511","article-title":"The Rate of Intestinal Glucose Absorption Is Correlated with Plasma Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Concentrations in Healthy Men","volume":"136","author":"Priebe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2025.2480148","article-title":"Biological connection of circadian rhythm and insulin resistance: A review","volume":"56","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"271","article-title":"Circadian variation in gastric emptying of meals in humans","volume":"36","author":"Goo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08583-7","article-title":"Validation of a Hand-Held Point-of-Care Device to Measure Breath Hydrogen and Its Utility in Detecting Response to Antibiotic Treatment","volume":"69","author":"Barahona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00305-2","article-title":"Dietary resistant starch enhances immune health of the kidney in diabetes via promoting microbially-derived metabolites and dampening neutrophil recruitment","volume":"14","author":"Snelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/6\/973\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:52:23Z","timestamp":1773924743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/6\/973"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18060973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18060973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}