{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:06:15Z","timestamp":1774029975198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/00770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24\/00156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/00156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI15\/00625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/00625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18\/00328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS2022-135559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS2022-135559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019945","name":"Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025 STEP 00312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025 STEP 00312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"ISCIII","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI21\/00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI21\/00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013941","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Diabetes y enfermedades metab\u00f3licas asociadas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB15\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB15\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015755","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB06\/04\/0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB06\/04\/0030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"AGAUR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 00857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"AGAUR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 01211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 01211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, particularly among individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). MASLD remains potentially reversible in the early phases but, without timely intervention, it can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and hepatic fibrosis, which in turn may advance to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma over time. With no pharmacological treatments specifically indicated for MASLD, current therapeutic strategies include lifestyle modifications, including dietary modifications. Niacin and its molecular derivatives (collectively belonging to the vitamin B3 group) play a central role in metabolic processes, especially through their involvement in the biosynthesis of the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). A growing body of preclinical evidence suggests that reduced NAD+ levels are a hallmark of MASLD, and that NAD+ precursors may help attenuate disease progression through multiple mechanisms, including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis. Although these findings from experimental models suggest a potential role for niacin and related molecular derivatives as a modulators of MASLD-related pathways, evidence from human studies remains limited and inconsistent. For instance, interventional studies evaluating niacin or molecular derivatives supplementation have reported variable findings, with several trials showing limited meaningful benefits on MASLD-related outcomes. Consequently, further well-designed, controlled trials are needed to clarify therapeutic efficacy, dose\u2013response relationship, and the feasibility of integrating niacin derivatives into dietary or therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing liver fat and improving adverse metabolic outcomes. This review aims to (i) summarize mechanistic insights on the role of niacin as a source of NAD+ on experimental MASLD and (ii) critically evaluate the available human evidence on the effect of supplemental niacin and derivatives in the prevention of MASLD development and its progression to MASH and fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18060996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1774026163000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Niacin Derivatives in MASLD: Metabolic and Therapeutic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Idalia","family":"Rojo-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"DAP-Cat Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6514-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Ni\u00f1o-Narvi\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8140-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Antentas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Escola de Doctorat, University of Vic\u2014Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berta","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Camins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"DAP-Cat Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2748-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Research Unit, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Poca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Hepatic Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9750-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Antonia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6804-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Ramos-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Rossell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didac","family":"Mauricio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic\u2014Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Julve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0431","article-title":"Epidemiology of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","volume":"31","author":"Younossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595","article-title":"MASLD: A Systemic Metabolic Disorder with Cardiovascular and Malignant Complications","volume":"73","author":"Targher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102569","article-title":"Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Lean vs. Non-Lean MASLD: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Nso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurevitz, C., and Rosenson, R.S. (2024). Metabolic Dysfunction\u2013Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, Hypertriglyceridaemia, and Cardiovascular Risk. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., zwae388.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae388"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122133","article-title":"Reversal of Hepatic Fibrosis by the Co-Delivery of Drug and Ribonucleoprotein-Based Genome Editor","volume":"298","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"802","article-title":"Pipeline of New Drug Treatment for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12525","article-title":"Therapeutic Management of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e84803","article-title":"Managing Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in the Digital Era: Overcoming Barriers to Lifestyle Change","volume":"17","author":"Kravchuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshaer, A., Chascsa, D.M.H., and Lizaola-Mayo, B.C. (2024). Exploring Varied Treatment Strategies for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070844"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31886","article-title":"The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist, Semaglutide, for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"74","author":"Dichtel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A Phase 3, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resmetirom in NASH with Liver Fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.023","article-title":"NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus","volume":"22","author":"Menzies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.02.011","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence","volume":"27","author":"Rajman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155443","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Nicotinamide Riboside: A Molecular Evaluation of NAD+ Precursor Vitamins in Human Nutrition","volume":"28","author":"Bogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1530","article-title":"Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Metabolome Is Functionally Depressed in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-Related Liver Disease","volume":"4","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad106","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with NAD+-Boosting Compounds in Humans: Current Knowledge and Future Directions","volume":"78","author":"Freeberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-025-00067-0","article-title":"The Role of NAD+ Metabolism and Its Modulation of Mitochondria in Aging and Disease","volume":"3","author":"Yusri","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00311-7","article-title":"NAD+ Metabolism: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"5","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4854","article-title":"NAD+ in Aging, Metabolism, and Neurodegeneration","volume":"350","author":"Verdin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogan, K.A., Chini, C.C.S., and Chini, E.N. (2019). The Multi-Faceted Ecto-Enzyme CD38: Roles in Immunomodulation, Cancer, Aging, and Metabolic Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01187"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.115","article-title":"SARM1 Deletion Restrains NAFLD Induced by High Fat Diet (HFD) through Reducing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Lipid Accumulation","volume":"498","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(96)00201-8","article-title":"NAD+ Biosynthesis and Metabolic Fluxes of Tryptophan in Hepatocytes Isolated from Rats Fed a Clofibrate-Containing Diet","volume":"52","author":"Shin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13103","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13103","article-title":"NRK1 Controls Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Nicotinamide Riboside Metabolism in Mammalian Cells","volume":"7","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300403-JLR200","article-title":"Niacin Noncompetitively Inhibits DGAT2 but Not DGAT1 Activity in HepG2 Cells","volume":"45","author":"Ganji","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.03.005","article-title":"Nicotinamide Protects Hepatocytes against Palmitate-Induced Lipotoxicity via SIRT1-Dependent Autophagy Induction","volume":"40","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.014","article-title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Inhibits Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation to Prevent Liver Fibrosis via Promoting PGE2 Degradation","volume":"162","author":"Zong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.06.009","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside, an NAD+ Precursor, Attenuates the Development of Liver Fibrosis in a Diet-Induced Mouse Model of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"1865","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28912","article-title":"Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Biosynthesis Promotes Liver Regeneration","volume":"65","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.013","article-title":"A Reduced Form of Nicotinamide Riboside Defines a New Path for NAD+ Biosynthesis and Acts as an Orally Bioavailable NAD+ Precursor","volume":"30","author":"Joffraud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0194-9","article-title":"NRH Salvage and Conversion to NAD+ Requires NRH Kinase Activity by Adenosine Kinase","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.233.yck","article-title":"A Potential Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with SIRT1 Activators","volume":"23","author":"Colak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600227","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600227","article-title":"Adipose Tissue NAD+ Biology in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: From Mechanism to Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotllan, N., Camacho, M., Tondo, M., Diarte-A\u00f1azco, E.M.G., Canyelles, M., M\u00e9ndez-Lara, K.A., Benitez, S., Alonso, N., Mauricio, D., and Escol\u00e0-Gil, J.C. (2021). Therapeutic Potential of Emerging NAD+-Increasing Strategies for Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121939"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.19370","article-title":"Emerging Roles of SIRT1 in Fatty Liver Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C521","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00451.2021","article-title":"The CD38 Glycohydrolase and the NAD Sink: Implications for Pathological Conditions","volume":"322","author":"Zeidler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s44355-025-00043-x","article-title":"PARPs in Liver Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.10.023","article-title":"PARP Inhibition Protects against Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"66","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.024","article-title":"Inhibiting Poly ADP-Ribosylation Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation and Protects against Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"66","author":"Gariani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2022.102176","article-title":"The Chemical Biology of NAD+ Regulation in Axon Degeneration","volume":"69","author":"Icso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36700-5","article-title":"Human Liver Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase. CDNA Cloning, Expression, and Biochemical Characterization","volume":"269","author":"Aksoy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/164844b0","article-title":"Fate of N-Methylnicotinamide in Man","volume":"164","author":"Holman","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3882","article-title":"Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase Regulates Hepatic Nutrient Metabolism through Sirt1 Protein Stabilization","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"9195","article-title":"Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase Enhances the Progression of Prostate Cancer by Stabilizing Sirtuin 1","volume":"15","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.008","article-title":"Alleviation of Fatty Liver in a Rat Model by Enhancing N1-Methylnicotinamide Bioavailability through Aldehyde Oxidase Inhibition","volume":"507","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.019075","article-title":"Aldehyde Oxidase-Catalyzed Metabolism of N1-Methylnicotinamide In Vivo and In Vitro in Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver","volume":"36","author":"Kitamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motta, B.M., Masarone, M., Torre, P., and Persico, M. (2023). From Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) to Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Epidemiology, Incidence, Predictions, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1078.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr1538","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr1538","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Facilitate NAD+ Synthesis via Enterohepatic Circulation","volume":"11","author":"Yaku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.07.010","article-title":"Emerging Interactions between Mitochondria and NAD+ Metabolism in Cardiometabolic Diseases","volume":"36","author":"Nasuhidehnavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01031-5","article-title":"NAD+ Metabolism-Based Immunoregulation and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28245","article-title":"Eliciting the Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response by Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Repletion Reverses Fatty Liver Disease in Mice","volume":"63","author":"Gariani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.53652","article-title":"NAD+-Boosting Therapy Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Stimulating a Novel Exerkine Fndc5\/Irisin","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.11-2-179","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatic Fibrosis: Is Cirrhosis Reversible?","volume":"11","author":"Fallowfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13513","article-title":"Hepatic NAD+ Deficiency as a Therapeutic Target for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Ageing","volume":"173","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280908","article-title":"NAD+ and NAFLD\u2014Caution, Causality and Careful Optimism","volume":"600","author":"Dall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26882-8","article-title":"NNMT Activation Can Contribute to the Development of Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating the NAD+ Metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Komatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-011-1071-4","article-title":"Nicotinamide Inhibits Hepatic Fibrosis by Suppressing DNA Synthesis and Enhancing Apoptosis of Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"458","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510023341","article-title":"Nicotinamide Induces Apoptosis and Reduces Collagen I and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"40","author":"Traister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.064","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside Protects against Liver Fibrosis Induced by CCl4 via Regulating the Acetylation of Smads Signaling Pathway","volume":"225","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2018.01.025","article-title":"Hepatic NAD+ Levels and NAMPT Abundance Are Unaffected during Prolonged High-Fat Diet Consumption in C57BL\/6JBomTac Mice","volume":"473","author":"Dall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G320","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00181.2013","article-title":"Therapeutic Role of Niacin in the Prevention and Regression of Hepatic Steatosis in Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"306","author":"Ganji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33959","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.122978","article-title":"SIRT1 Deacetylates and Inhibits SREBP-1C Activity in Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism","volume":"285","author":"Ponugoti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116682","article-title":"Alleviation of Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis with NMN via Improving Endoplasmic Reticulum\u2013Mitochondria Miscommunication in the Liver of HFD Mice","volume":"175","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.09.003","article-title":"Nicotinamide Ameliorates Palmitate-Induced ER Stress in Hepatocytes via CAMP\/PKA\/CREB Pathway-Dependent Sirt1 Upregulation","volume":"1853","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.05.002","article-title":"Niacin Inhibits Fat Accumulation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Cytokine IL-8 in Cultured Hepatocytes: Impact on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"64","author":"Ganji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz303","article-title":"Niacin Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis by Inhibiting De Novo Lipogenesis Via a GPR109A-Mediated PKC\u2013ERK1\/2\u2013AMPK Signaling Pathway in C57BL\/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"150","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.048","article-title":"Nicotinamide Prevents Sweet Beverage-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Rats by Regulating the G6PD, NADPH\/NADP+ and GSH\/GSSG Ratios and Reducing Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress","volume":"818","author":"Gutman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118540","article-title":"Nicotinamide and Ascorbic Acid Nanoparticles against the Hepatic Insult Induced in Rats by High Fat High Fructose Diet: A Comparative Study","volume":"263","author":"Nasr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.02.001","article-title":"Nicotinamide Improves Aspects of Healthspan, but Not Lifespan, in Mice","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, J.C., Espinoza-Derout, J., Hasan, K.M., Molina-Mancio, J., Mart\u00ednez, J., Lao, C.J., Lee, M.L., Lee, D.L., Wilson, J., and Sinha-Hikim, A.P. (2024). Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Nicotine plus Coca-ColaTM Is Prevented by Nicotinamide Riboside (NR). Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1282231"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salic, K., Gart, E., Seidel, F., Verschuren, L., Caspers, M., van Duyvenvoorde, W., Wong, K.E., Keijer, J., Bobeldijk-Pastorova, I., and Wielinga, P.Y. (2019). Combined Treatment with L-Carnitine and Nicotinamide Riboside Improves Hepatic Metabolism and Attenuates Obesity and Liver Steatosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184359"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirouchi, B., Mitsuta, S., Higuchi, M., Okumura, M., and Tanaka, K. (2025). Dietary Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, a Key NAD+ Intermediate, Alleviates Body Fat Mass and Hypertriglyceridemia by Enhancing Energy Expenditure with Promotion of Fat Oxidation and Hepatic Lipolysis and Suppressing Hepatic Lipogenesis in Db\/Db Mice. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15050333"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120182","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120182","article-title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Preserves Mitochondrial Function and Increases Survival in Hemorrhagic Shock","volume":"3","author":"Sims","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100111","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100111","article-title":"Nicotinamide Protects Against Diet-Induced Body Weight Gain, Increases Energy Expenditure, and Induces White Adipose Tissue Beiging","volume":"65","author":"Camacho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115762","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid Attenuates Experimental Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome\/Pyroptosis Pathway","volume":"216","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23639","article-title":"Fatty Liver and Fibrosis in Glycine N -Methyltransferase Knockout Mice Is Prevented by Nicotinamide","volume":"52","author":"Embade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05136-4","article-title":"High Fructose-Containing Drinking Water-Induced Steatohepatitis in Rats Is Prevented by the Nicotinamide-Mediated Modulation of Redox Homeostasis and NADPH-Producing Enzymes","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.05.045","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid Prevents Experimental Liver Fibrosis by Attenuating the Prooxidant Process","volume":"28","author":"Arauz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2019.13.1.3","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside Regulates Inflammation and Mitochondrial Markers in AML12 Hepatocytes","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-024-01042-x","article-title":"Palmitic Acid Causes Hepatocyte Inflammation by Suppressing the BMAL1-NAD+-SIRT2 Axis","volume":"80","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"4006","article-title":"Niacin Regresses Collagen Content in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells from Liver Transplant Donors with Fibrotic Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"14","author":"Ganji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06661-0","article-title":"Extracellular NAD+ Response to Post-Hepatectomy Liver Failure: Bridging Preclinical and Clinical Findings","volume":"7","author":"Kamali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7216","article-title":"NAD(H) and NADP(H) Redox Couples and Cellular Energy Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0356","article-title":"FNDC5 Alleviates Hepatosteatosis by Restoring AMPK\/MTOR-Mediated Autophagy, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Lipogenesis in Mice","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Mayneris-Perxachs, J., Boqu\u00e9, N., del Bas, J.M., Arola, L., Yuan, M., T\u00fcrkez, H., Uhl\u00e9n, M., Bor\u00e9n, J., and Zhang, C. (2021). Combined Metabolic Activators Decrease Liver Steatosis by Activating Mitochondrial Metabolism in Hamsters Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.19.431968"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003427","article-title":"Irisin Alleviates Hepatic Steatosis by Activating the Autophagic SIRT3 Pathway","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.02.008","article-title":"Fndc5 Is Translated from an Upstream ATG Start Codon and Cleaved to Produce Irisin Myokine Precursor Protein in Humans and Mice","volume":"36","author":"Witmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/60.suppl_2.S9","article-title":"Overview of Niacin Formulations: Differences in Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety","volume":"60","author":"Pieper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., and Schwartz, B. (2023). B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010024"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"CD009744","article-title":"Niacin for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events","volume":"2017","author":"Schandelmaier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001815","article-title":"Nicotinamide supplementation induces detrimental metabolic and epigenetic changes in developing rats","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0313","article-title":"Effect of Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Clinical Parameters and Nicotinamide Metabolite Levels in Healthy Japanese Men","volume":"67","author":"Irie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Airhart, S.E., Shireman, L.M., Risler, L.J., Anderson, G.D., Nagana Gowda, G.A., Raftery, D., Tian, R., Shen, D.D., and O\u2019Brien, K.D. (2017). An open-label, non-randomized study of the pharmacokinetics of the nutritional supplement nicotinamide riboside (NR) and its effects on blood NAD+ levels in healthy volunteers. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186459"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00653-9","article-title":"Effects of NAD+ Precursor Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Humans: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-01081","article-title":"Effects of Nicotinamide Riboside on Endocrine Pancreatic Function and Incretin Hormones in Nondiabetic Men With Obesity","volume":"104","author":"Dollerup","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Shen, H., Chen, M., and Shao, J. (2021). Clinical Relevance of Vitamins and Carotenoids with Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis Detected by Transient Elastography in Adults. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.760985"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.J., and Lee, K.J. (2020). Analysis of the Dietary Factors Associated with Suspected Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Potential Liver Fibrosis: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014\u20132017. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02022-y"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Huang, J., Lv, Y., and Ji, H. (2023). Association between Dietary Intakes of B Vitamins and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1272321"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., and Han, J. (2024). Association of Niacin Intake and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20161-0"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antentas, M., Rojo-L\u00f3pez, M.I., Vendrell, P., Granado-Casas, M., Genua, I., Fernandez-Camins, B., Rossell, J., Ni\u00f1o-Narvi\u00f3n, J., Moreira, E., and Castelblanco, E. (2024). Impact of Dietary Niacin on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Mediterranean Subjects: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234178"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, G., Ou, W., Yang, J., Chen, D., Wang, Y., Wu, A., Gao, L., Qu, W., Lin, C., and Liang, Y. (2025). Correlation of Intestinal Bacteria, Fungi and Dietary Nutrient Intake in NAFLD Patients with Spleen Deficiency Syndrome. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1586212"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., Hu, Y., Pang, N., and Yang, L. (2023). Association between Dietary Niacin Intake and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: NHANES 2003\u20132018. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194128"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2019.06.008","article-title":"Association Between Index of Nutritional Quality and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of Vitamin D and B Group","volume":"358","author":"Vahid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and Its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2354277","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54277","article-title":"Dietary Niacin Intake and Mortality Among Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.06.012","article-title":"Advances and Controversies in Diet and Physical Activity Measurement in Youth","volume":"55","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz107","article-title":"Portion Size Estimation in Dietary Assessment: A Systematic Review of Existing Tools, Their Strengths and Limitations","volume":"78","author":"Amoutzopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.11.002","article-title":"NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR","volume":"27","author":"Yoshino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00092","article-title":"Targeting NAD+ in Metabolic Disease: New Insights Into an Old Molecule","volume":"1","author":"Elhassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.S092007","article-title":"Niacin: An Old Lipid Drug in a New NAD+ Dress","volume":"60","author":"Romani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.14.1568","article-title":"Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Niacin for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia Associated with Type 2 Diabetes: Results of the Assessment of Diabetes Control and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Niaspan Trial","volume":"162","author":"Grundy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15786-3","article-title":"European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT): A Randomised Controlled Trial of Intervention before the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"363","author":"Gale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051536","article-title":"Safety of High-Dose Nicotinamide: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Knip","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197311292892208","article-title":"Hepatic Toxicity from Large Doses of Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide)","volume":"289","author":"Winter","year":"1973","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12948","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12948","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside Is Uniquely and Orally Bioavailable in Mice and Humans","volume":"7","author":"Trammell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Li, J.-X., Kong, Y.-Y., Zheng, S.-L., and Miao, C.-Y. (2025). Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Nicotinamide Riboside Improve Dyslipidemia and Fatty Liver but Promote Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030281"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.09.013","article-title":"Long-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, Y., Gao, Y., Wang, H., Li, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, Z., and Liu, N. (2020). Subacute Toxicity Study of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide via Oral Administration. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.604404"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AIM-HIGH Investigators (2011). The role of niacin in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and optimally treated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Baseline characteristics of study participants. The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic syndrome with low HDL\/high triglycerides: Impact on Global Health outcomes (AIM-HIGH) trial. Am. Heart J., 161, 538\u2013543.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.12.007"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group (2014). Effects of Extended-Release Niacin with Laropiprant in High-Risk Patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 371, 203\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300955"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P023614","article-title":"Liver Fat Reduction with Niacin Is Influenced by DGAT-2 Polymorphisms in Hypertriglyceridemic Patients","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38002-7","article-title":"Dietary Niacin Intake Predicts the Decrease of Liver Fat Content During a Lifestyle Intervention","volume":"9","author":"Linder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"e28812","article-title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safely Metabolized and Significantly Reduces Blood Triglyceride Levels in Healthy Individuals","volume":"14","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01528.x","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid: The Broad-spectrum Lipid Drug. A 50th Anniversary Review","volume":"258","author":"CARLSON","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AIM-HIGH Investigators (2011). Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 365, 2255\u20132267.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107579"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74U","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00731-0","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of an Extended-Release Niacin (Niaspan): A Long-Term Study","volume":"82","author":"Capuzzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.11.046","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome: Connecting and Reconciling Cardiovascular and Diabetes Worlds","volume":"47","author":"Grundy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372600","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid Effects on Insulin Sensitivity and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism: An In Vivo to In Vitro Study","volume":"46","author":"Blond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:13:2:155","article-title":"Metabolic Complications of Obesity","volume":"13","author":"Grundy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2622","article-title":"Effect of Fenofibrate and Niacin on Intrahepatic Triglyceride Content, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Kinetics, and Insulin Action in Obese Subjects with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"95","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177563","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid Increases Adipose Tissue Dietary Fatty Acid Trapping and Reduces Postprandial Hepatic and Cardiac Fatty Acid Uptake in Prediabetes","volume":"998","author":"Montastier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.10.006","article-title":"Niacin for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Novel Use for an Old Drug?","volume":"13","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00349.x","article-title":"Niacin: A Re-emerging Pharmaceutical for the Treatment of Dyslipidaemia","volume":"158","author":"Vosper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"S308","article-title":"Understanding Niacin Formulations","volume":"8","author":"Pieper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20406223221077958","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223221077958","article-title":"Nicotinamide Supplementation in Diabetic Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32778","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside and Pterostilbene Reduces Markers of Hepatic Inflammation in NAFLD: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"78","author":"Dellinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E417","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00242.2023","article-title":"Evaluation of Safety and Effectiveness of NAD in Different Clinical Conditions: A Systematic Review","volume":"326","author":"Gindri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109174","article-title":"NAD Metabolic Therapy in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Possible Roles of Gut Microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C., and Chen, M. (2022). Progress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: SIRT Family Regulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081079"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112041","article-title":"The Role of Mitochondria Dysfunction and Hepatic Senescence in NAFLD Development and Progression","volume":"142","author":"Dabravolski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni\u00f1o-Narvi\u00f3n, J., Rojo-L\u00f3pez, M.I., Martinez-Santos, P., Rossell, J., Ruiz-Alcaraz, A.J., Alonso, N., Ramos-Molina, B., Mauricio, D., and Julve, J. (2023). NAD+ Precursors and Intestinal Inflammation: Therapeutic Insights Involving Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132992"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.06.009","article-title":"NAD+ and Its Possible Role in Gut Microbiota: Insights on the Mechanisms by Which Gut Microbes Influence Host Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagahisa, T., Kosugi, S., and Yamaguchi, S. (2023). Interactions between Intestinal Homeostasis and NAD+ Biology in Regulating Incretin Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061494"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100579","DOI":"10.37349\/edd.2025.100579","article-title":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): Emerging Insights into Gut Microbiota Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-025-00529-x","article-title":"\u03b2-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Alleviates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in a Mouse Model through Activation of NAD+\/SIRT1 Signaling Pathways","volume":"162","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.04.006","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside Attenuates Alcohol Induced Liver Injuries via Activation of SirT1\/PGC-1\u03b1\/Mitochondrial Biosynthesis Pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00167","article-title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Administration Restores Redox Homeostasis via the Sirt3\u2013Nrf2 Axis and Protects Aged Mice from Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"555","article-title":"Nicotinamide Induces Liver Regeneration and Improves Liver Function by Activating SIRT1","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, N., Hu, Q., Zhou, Y., Xiao, Y., Li, W., Ding, Y., Chen, Y., Ye, M., Pei, L., and Li, Q. (2023). Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Precursor Suppresses Hepatocellular Cancer Progression in Mice. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061447"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147193","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147193","article-title":"SIRT3 Is Required for Liver Regeneration but Not for the Beneficial Effect of Nicotinamide Riboside","volume":"6","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.12.012","article-title":"Protection of Nicotinic Acid against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death in Hepatocytes Contributes to Its Beneficial Effect on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Dou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12396","article-title":"Dietary Nicotinic Acid Supplementation Ameliorates Chronic Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver in Rats","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-025-01086-7","article-title":"Alterations in Hepatic Amino Acid Metabolism Related to MASLD in Individuals with Obesity","volume":"81","author":"Yuste","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae028","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Alterations in Hepatic FA Profile Associated with MASLD Stage in Patients with Obesity","volume":"109","author":"Sledzinski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009993065","article-title":"Reproducibility of an FFQ Validated in Spain","volume":"13","author":"Sampson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Mataix, J., Ma\u00f1as, M., Llopis, J., and de Victoria, E.M. (1998). Tablas de Composici\u00f3n de Alimentos Espa\u00f1oles, Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Universidad de Granada."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/6\/996\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:06:34Z","timestamp":1774026394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/6\/996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18060996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18060996","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]}}}