{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:27:11Z","timestamp":1774441631391,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RIN TREMPLIN APEEX"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in endurance and ultra-endurance sports and may impair performance or lead to race withdrawal. While nutritional strategies are frequently emphasized, the respective roles of baseline digestive susceptibility and cumulative exercise exposure remain insufficiently characterized. Methods: Two complementary cross-sectional questionnaire-based studies were conducted in endurance athletes. Study 1 included 230 ultra-trail runners and examined determinants of systematic GI symptoms during competition using a composite digestive vulnerability (DV) score reflecting susceptibility indicators. Study 2 included 497 endurance and ultra-endurance athletes from multiple disciplines and investigated multivariable correlates of GI symptoms and GI-related race withdrawal, integrating training-related GI symptoms (proxy of digestive vulnerability), habitual competition duration (\u22656 h), sport category and specific digestive symptoms. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age and sex. Results: In Study 1, the DV score was independently associated with systematic GI symptoms during competition (adjusted OR per point = 1.93, 95% CI 1.33\u20132.80). In Study 2, athletes reporting GI symptoms during training had markedly higher odds of experiencing GI symptoms during competition (adjusted OR = 3.96, 95% CI 2.67\u20135.87). Habitual exposure to events lasting \u22656 h was independently associated with increased odds of GI-related race withdrawal (adjusted OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.35\u20133.78). GI symptoms during competition represented the strongest proximal correlate of withdrawal (adjusted OR = 7.04, 95% CI 4.00\u201312.30), indicating a sequential relationship between baseline digestive vulnerability, symptom expression during competition and race termination. After adjustment for digestive vulnerability and exercise exposure, no individual nutritional category remained independently associated with GI outcomes. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal symptoms and race withdrawal in endurance athletes were more consistently associated with digestive vulnerability expressed during training and cumulative exercise exposure than with isolated nutritional items. These findings support a vulnerability\u2013exposure framework in which individual digestive susceptibility interacts with prolonged physiological stress during endurance exercise. Identifying athletes with elevated digestive vulnerability during training may represent a practical strategy to improve individualized nutritional preparation and reduce GI-related race interruption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1774429874000},"page":"1033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digestive Vulnerability and Exercise Exposure as Correlates of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Race Withdrawal in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4862-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Mauvieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandie Universit\u00e9, UNICAEN, UR 74.80 VERTEX, UFR STAPS, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Mahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Markov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandie Universit\u00e9, UNICAEN, UR 74.80 VERTEX, UFR STAPS, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0637-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aghilas","family":"Slamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandie Universit\u00e9, UNICAEN, UR 74.80 VERTEX, UFR STAPS, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5299-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgane","family":"Fresneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandie Universit\u00e9, UNICAEN, UR 74.80 VERTEX, UFR STAPS, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2166-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Berthou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 & Nutrition, Chemin de la Guiblini\u00e8re, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7498-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eglantine","family":"Le Chevert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Sant\u00e9 (M2S), Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, UFR STAPS, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben J.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millet, G.P., and Millet, G.Y. 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