{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1791803469484,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGUI"},{"name":"Italian Association of University Gynecologists and Obstetricians"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Nutrition is a key determinant of women\u2019s health across all life stages. Clinical practice remains heterogeneous because of lack of evidence and non-homogeneous guidelines. Despite growing research on micronutrient supplementation, skeptical opinions persist around universal versus individualized approaches, optimal dosages, and life-stage-specific recommendations. Material and methods: This is a modified Delphi process conducted under the supervision of the Italian Association of University Gynecologists and Obstetricians (AGUI). Thirteen Italian experts in gynecology and obstetrics completed two rounds of anonymous online surveys (September\u2013November 2025). The questionnaire, developed through a scoping review, covered six domains: pre-\/periconception, pregnancy, postpartum, routine supplementation in non-pregnant women, nutrition in gynecological conditions, and menopause. Consensus was defined as \u226575% agreement on a 10-point Likert scale. Quantitative data were summarized descriptively, and qualitative comments contextualized findings. Results: Experts strongly supported personalized nutritional strategies across all life stages. Consensus was reached on individualized micronutrient supplementation in the preconception period and on the prescription of active folates for women undergoing assisted reproduction. In pregnancy, agreement emerged for universal DHA supplementation (200\u2013300 mg\/day); however, universal vitamin D supplementation lacked consensus except in gestational diabetes. In the postpartum period, iron supplementation for non-breastfeeding women reached consensus, while micronutrient recommendations for breastfeeding women remained uncertain. Strong agreement supported personalized dietary approaches for PCOS, endometriosis, and gestational diabetes, including inositol use, while evidence for interventions in severe premenstrual syndrome remained insufficiently supported. In menopause, consensus was reached for macronutrient adjustments and universal calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Conclusions: This Delphi consensus highlights shared expert perspectives on nutritional care in women and identifies key evidence gaps, particularly regarding vitamin D in physiological pregnancy, postpartum micronutrient needs during breastfeeding, and nutritional strategies for premenstrual disorders. Unified life-course guidelines and future research on standardized nutritional assessments are necessary for nutritional approach management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:48:41Z","timestamp":1774532921000},"page":"1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Italian Expert Consensus on Women\u2019s Nutrition Across the Life Course: A Modified Delphi Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0454-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sarno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8935-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Colacurci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-6396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella Elena","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"A.G.U.I.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.02.014","article-title":"Preventive Medicine Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s 6|18 Initiative","volume":"57","author":"Livingston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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