{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:23:02Z","timestamp":1785435782068,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001063","name":"Crohn\u2019s Colitis Foundation of America","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["672607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["672607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["672607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["672607"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f2xbq60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019889","name":"Weston Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["POP23-11034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POP23-11034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019889","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["POP23-11034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POP23-11034"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0512g3q82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Health Research BC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HPI-2024-03652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPI-2024-03652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["HPI-2024-03652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPI-2024-03652"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020x39229","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diet quality and food processing patterns are increasingly recognized as important determinants of Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) risk and disease outcomes; however, direct comparisons with healthy populations using integrated nutrient- and processing-based frameworks remain limited. Therefore, we aim to quantify ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption using the NOVA classification, compare UPF intake between CD patients and healthy controls, and assess its association with diet quality indices. Methods: Baseline dietary intake data were analyzed from two randomized controlled trial cohorts: adults with mild to moderately active CD enrolled in the Crohn\u2019s Disease Therapeutic Dietary Intervention (CD-TDI) trial (n = 64; NCT04596566), and healthy adults participating in the MAPMed study (n = 33, NCT06765369). Dietary intake was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls collected with the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24\u00ae). Energy-normalized macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Overall diet quality was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2015), Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (aMED), and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Foods were classified according to the NOVA food processing system to estimate total and proportional energy intake from UPFs (NOVA group 4). Results: Both the CD cohort and healthy cohort exhibited suboptimal dietary patterns, with HEI scores indicating a need for improvement, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (aMED), and neutral-to-pro-inflammatory DII scores, with no significant between-group differences (all p &gt; 0.05). Although total energy intake differed between groups (p = 0.04), the proportion of energy derived from UPFs (NOVA group 4) accounted for half of the total intake in both cohorts (51.3\u201351.8%; p = 0.55). Higher UPF intake was associated with lower HEI and aMED scores and higher DII scores. Conclusions: In this study, there were no significant differences in the dietary patterns in those with CD compared to healthy controls. The high contribution of UPFs observed in both cohorts underscores widespread suboptimal dietary quality and highlights the utility of NOVA-based food processing measures as complementary to nutrient-based assessments for understanding diet-related inflammatory burden in CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1774611167000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Nutrients: NOVA-Defined Dietary Patterns in Crohn\u2019s Disease and Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ayva","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thea","family":"Ulsamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-6092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7349-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Haskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9129-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maitreyi","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002687","article-title":"Forecasting the Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Canadian Nationwide Analysis","volume":"119","author":"Coward","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. 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