{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:02:12Z","timestamp":1788555732298,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Breastfeeding represents a critical developmental window during which maternal biology, environmental exposures, and nutrition converge to influence infant gastrointestinal health and long-term developmental trajectories. From a One Health perspective, breastfeeding can be conceptualized not as a static nutritional act, but as a dynamic and modifiable biological system in which maternal factors shape early-life microbiota assembly and immune programming. This narrative review explores how microbiota-oriented strategies during breastfeeding may foster a favorable trajectory of infant health, potentially extending to transgenerational outcomes. Methods: This narrative review is structured around a ten-point decalogue addressing interconnected domains relevant to the maternal\u2013milk\u2013infant microbiota axis, including maternal diet, microbial diversity, environmental exposures, psychological stress and probiotic use. Current mechanistic and clinical evidence was examined to evaluate how these domains may modulate microbiota composition and function during breastfeeding. Attention was given to probiotic supplementation, including strain specificity, timing of administration, and clinical context, as well as to the broader implications of a One Health framework. Results: Available evidence suggests that maternal nutritional patterns, environmental and psychosocial exposures, and targeted microbiota-modulation strategies may influence the composition and functional properties of human milk and the developing infant microbiota. Probiotic use during breastfeeding appears to have strain-specific and context-dependent effects, with potential benefits in selected clinical scenarios. However, findings remain heterogeneous, and uncertainties persist regarding optimal strains, timing, and long-term outcomes. Conclusions: Breastfeeding can be understood as a dynamic biological interface shaped by maternal and environmental factors. Integrating microbiota-oriented strategies within a One Health framework may support infant gastrointestinal health and possibly contribute to longer-term developmental trajectories. Nevertheless, careful interpretation of the current evidence is warranted to avoid reductionist, supplement-centered approaches and to prevent maternal overmedicalization or blame.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A One Health Decalogue for Breastfeeding: Microbiota-Targeted Strategies for Infant Gastrointestinal and Neurodevelopmental Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2115-1701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Matera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Emergencies, Misericordia Hospital, 58100 Grosseto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3021-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Biagioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8807-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Palazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Meocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-7404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Pedaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Valdarno Hospital, 52025 Arezzo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3299-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Besostri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dental Hygiene, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Zerbinati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Pierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Scientific & Research Department, Velleja Research, 20125 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378","article-title":"How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system","volume":"352","author":"Gensollen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagioli, V., Volpedo, G., Riva, A., Mainardi, P., and Striano, P. (2024). From Birth to Weaning: A Window of Opportunity for Microbiota. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020272"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"The human milk microbiota: Origin and potential roles in health and disease","volume":"69","author":"Langa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00036-17","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","article-title":"The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Milani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.011","article-title":"Composition and Variation of the Human Milk Microbiota Are Influenced by Maternal and Early-Life Factors","volume":"25","author":"Moossavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons, K.E., Ryan, C.A., Dempsey, E.M., Ross, R.P., and Stanton, C. (2020). Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041039"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61154-w","article-title":"Breastfeeding and early Bifidobacterium-driven microbial colonization shape the infant gut resistome","volume":"16","author":"Samarra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00874-w","article-title":"Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: Impact on immune system development and atopic disease","volume":"23","author":"Donald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392009","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2392009","article-title":"Microbiota during pregnancy and early life: Role in maternal\u2212neonatal outcomes based on human evidence","volume":"16","author":"Fasano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667722","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1667722","article-title":"Origins of human milk microbiota: New evidence and arising questions","volume":"12","author":"Moossavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Destoumieux-Garz\u00f3n, D., Mavingui, P., Boetsch, G., Boissier, J., Darriet, F., Duboz, P., Fritsch, C., Giraudoux, P., Le Roux, F., and Morand, S. (2018). The One Health Concept: 10 Years Old and a Long Road Ahead. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","article-title":"The Human Microbiome and Child Growth\u2014First 1000 Days and Beyond","volume":"27","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4142","article-title":"The microbiome in early life: Implications for health outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Tamburini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagioli, V., Sortino, V., Falsaperla, R., and Striano, P. (2024). Role of Human Milk Microbiota in Infant Neurodevelopment: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121476"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majood, M., and Rao, R. (2025). Human milk: Insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications. Pediatr. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04458-3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.21.06223-X","article-title":"Breast milk: More than just nutrition!","volume":"73","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersohn, I., Hellinga, A.H., Van Lee, L., Keukens, N., Bont, L., Hettinga, K.A., Feskens, E.J.M., and Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M. (2024). Maternal diet and human milk composition: An updated systematic review. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1320560"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woortman, M.A., Barrett, E.S., O\u2019Connor, T.G., Gill, S.R., Scheible, K., Brunner, J., Sun, H., and Dominguez-Bello, M.G. (2024). Feeding Expressed Breast Milk Alters the Microbial Network of Breast Milk and Increases Breast Milk Microbiome Diversity over Time. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010012"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50124-1","article-title":"Factors affecting total protein and lactoferrin in human milk","volume":"13","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kie\u0142basa, A., Gadza\u0142a-Kopciuch, R., and Buszewski, B. (2021). Cytokines-Biogenesis and Their Role in Human Breast Milk and Determination. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126238"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000452819","article-title":"Human Milk Lipids","volume":"69","author":"Koletzko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.12.019","article-title":"Complement in breast milk modifies offspring gut microbiota to promote infant health","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws074","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama","volume":"22","author":"Bode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpeds.2025.100301","article-title":"How maternal diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics during pregnancy influence neurodevelopment in newborns","volume":"14","author":"Biagioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430418","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2430418","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides combine with Bifidobacterium longum to form the \u201cgolden shield\u201d of the infant intestine: Metabolic strategies, health effects, and mechanisms of action","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falsaperla, R., Sortino, V., Gambilonghi, F., Vitaliti, G., and Striano, P. (2024). Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Pivotal Role in Gut\u2013Brain Axis Modulation and Neurologic Development: A Narrative Review to Decipher the Multifaceted Interplay. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16173009"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, P.K., Ong, M.L., Bode, L., and Belfort, M.B. (2023). Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Infant Neurodevelopment: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030719"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10152","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.17597","article-title":"Absolute quantification of eight human milk oligosaccharides in breast milk to evaluate their concentration profiles and associations with infants\u2019 neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"89","author":"Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","article-title":"Microbiota Modulate Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"155","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0307-3","article-title":"GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Strandwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0378","article-title":"Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome","volume":"171","author":"Pannaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowska-Pali, A., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Chrustek, A., Olszewska-S\u0142onina, D., Gospodarek-Komkowska, E., and Socha, M.W. (2024). Human Milk Microbiome\u2014A Review of Scientific Reports. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101420"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuivenberg, G.A., Burton, J.P., Bron, P.A., and Reid, G. (2022). Why Are Bifidobacteria Important for Infants?. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020278"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.022","article-title":"Microbial colonization programs are structured by breastfeeding and guide healthy respiratory development","volume":"187","author":"Shenhav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105046","article-title":"The influence of feeding method on a mother\u2019s circadian rhythm and on the development of her infant\u2019s circadian rest-activity rhythm","volume":"145","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Italianer, M.F., Naninck, E.F.G., Roelants, J.A., Van Der Horst, G.T.J., Reiss, I.K.M., Goudoever, J.B.V., Joosten, K.F.M., Chaves, I., and Vermeulen, M.J. (2020). Circadian Variation in Human Milk Composition, a Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082328"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9476","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO03369A","article-title":"The circadian variation of amino acids and melatonin in human milk and their potential sleep\u2013wake regulation","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1179\/147683009X388922","article-title":"The possible role of human milk nucleotides as sleep inducers","volume":"12","author":"Cubero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa167","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa167","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms and the Gastrointestinal Tract: Relationship to Metabolism and Gut Hormones","volume":"161","author":"Martchenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2017-0009","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the gut-brain axis: Is there a role for melatonin?","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102829","article-title":"Melatonin promotes gut anti-oxidative status in perinatal rat by remodeling the gut microbiome","volume":"65","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sindi, A.S. (2025). The Association Between Maternal Diet and the Human Milk Microbiome: A Review of Evidence and Methodological Challenges. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102347"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, R., Keane, D., Borrego, P., and Arcaro, K. (2023). Effect of Maternal Diet on Maternal Milk and Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiomes: A Scoping Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061420"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa310","article-title":"Maternal Diet Shapes the Breast Milk Microbiota Composition and Diversity: Impact of Mode of Delivery and Antibiotic Exposure","volume":"151","author":"Calatayud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagi, E., Quercia, S., Aceti, A., Beghetti, I., Rampelli, S., Turroni, S., Faldella, G., Candela, M., Brigidi, P., and Corvaglia, L. (2017). The Bacterial Ecosystem of Mother\u2019s Milk and Infant\u2019s Mouth and Gut. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01214"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, K.M., Foster, J.A., Forney, L.J., Sch\u00fctte, U.M.E., Beck, D.L., Abdo, Z., Fox, L.K., Williams, J.E., McGuire, M.K., and McGuire, M.A. (2011). Characterization of the Diversity and Temporal Stability of Bacterial Communities in Human Milk. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021313"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007229","article-title":"The Origin of Human Milk Bacteria: Is There a Bacterial Entero-Mammary Pathway During Late Pregnancy and Lactation?","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4018-4023.2000","article-title":"Natural History of Streptococcus sanguinis in the Oral Cavity of Infants: Evidence for a Discrete Window of Infectivity","volume":"68","author":"Caufield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome During the First Year of Life","volume":"17","author":"Roswall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.016","article-title":"A Wave of Regulatory T Cells into Neonatal Skin Mediates Tolerance to Commensal Microbes","volume":"43","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1240OC","article-title":"Early Respiratory Microbiota Composition Determines Bacterial Succession Patterns and Respiratory Health in Children","volume":"190","author":"Biesbroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.14","article-title":"The microbiota of the respiratory tract: Gatekeeper to respiratory health","volume":"15","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00164-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00164-16","article-title":"Studying Vertical Microbiome Transmission from Mothers to Infants by Strain-Level Metagenomic Profiling","volume":"2","author":"Asnicar","year":"2017","journal-title":"MSystems"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343ra82","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad7121","article-title":"Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life","volume":"8","author":"Bokulich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911571","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1911571","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of mother-infant gut microbiome reveals global distinct and shared microbial signatures","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4272","article-title":"Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520947665","article-title":"Maternal Oral Health Influences Infant Salivary Microbiome","volume":"100","author":"Ramadugu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boix-Amor\u00f3s, A., Collado, M.C., and Mira, A. (2016). Relationship between Milk Microbiota, Bacterial Load, Macronutrients, and Human Cells During Lactation. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00492"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334415585078","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis of Milk of Healthy and Mastitis-Suffering Women","volume":"31","author":"Manrique","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16606-9","article-title":"Intrapartum antibiotics for GBS prophylaxis alter colonization patterns in the early infant gut microbiome of low risk infants","volume":"7","author":"Stearns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00458","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00458","article-title":"Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, I., Ferrara, C., Romano, F., Loperfido, F., Sottotetti, F., El Masri, D., Vincenti, A., Cena, H., and De Giuseppe, R. (2024). The Influence of Maternal Lifestyle Factors on Human Breast Milk Microbial Composition: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112423"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Pannaraj, P.S., Rautava, S., and Rodr\u00edguez, J.M. (2020). The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.586667"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79022-6","article-title":"Maternal diet alters human milk oligosaccharide composition with implications for the milk metagenome","volume":"10","author":"Seferovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74719-0","article-title":"Human milk microbiota in sub-acute lactational mastitis induces inflammation and undergoes changes in composition, diversity and load","volume":"10","author":"Artacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sindi, A.S., Cheema, A.S., Trevenen, M.L., Geddes, D.T., Payne, M.S., and Stinson, L.F. (2023). Characterisation of human milk bacterial DNA profiles in a small cohort of Australian women in relation to infant and maternal factors. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280960"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Qiao, W., Jiang, T., and Chen, L. (2022). Diversity and temporal dynamics of breast milk microbiome and its influencing factors in Chinese women during the first 6 months postpartum. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1016759"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00677-25","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00677-25","article-title":"Composition of the human milk microbiome in the GUSTO cohort is shaped by intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and breastfeeding exclusivity","volume":"10","author":"Stinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matera, M., Palazzi, C.M., Bertuccioli, A., Di Pierro, F., Zerbinati, N., Cazzaniga, M., Gregoretti, A., and Cavecchia, I. (2025). The Role of Targeted Microbiota Therapy in the Prevention and Management of Puerperal Mastitis. Diseases, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13060176"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1086\/652763","article-title":"Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: Antibiotics versus oral administration of Lactobacilli isolated from breast milk","volume":"50","author":"Arroyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0173","article-title":"Oral Administration to Nursing Women of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Prevents Lactational Mastitis Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"12","author":"Hurtado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.113","article-title":"Developing Oral Probiotics from Streptococcus salivarius","volume":"7","author":"Wescombe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"991","article-title":"Preliminary pediatric clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in preventing recurrent pharyngitis and\/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and recurrent acute otitis media","volume":"5","author":"Donato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13315","article-title":"Maternal-driven immune education in offspring","volume":"323","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1165","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001234","article-title":"Environmental Exposures and Pediatric Cardiology: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Zachariah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosemans, C., Bongaerts, E., Vanbrabant, K., Reimann, B., Silva, A.I., Tommelein, E., Poma, G., Ameloot, M., Nawrot, T.S., and Plusquin, M. (2024). Black carbon particles in human breast milk: Assessing infant\u2019s exposure. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1333969"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29182-5","article-title":"Micro problems with macro consequences: Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and microplastics in human breast milk and in human milk substitutes","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Street, M.E., Shulhai, A.-M., Rotondo, R., Giann\u00ec, G., and Caffarelli, C. (2023). Current knowledge on the effects of environmental contaminants in early life nutrition. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1120293"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serreau, R., Terbeche, Y., and Rigourd, V. (2024). Pollutants in Breast Milk: A Scoping Review of the Most Recent Data in 2024. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12060680"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.126998","article-title":"The concentration and health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the breast milk of mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Ghane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230015","DOI":"10.1530\/MAH-23-0015","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals on gut barrier integrity and gut microbiota","volume":"2","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiota Host"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-00750-4","article-title":"Major heavy metals and human gut microbiota composition: A systematic review with nutritional approach","volume":"44","author":"Rezazadegan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57158-z","article-title":"Air pollution exposure may impact the composition of human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"14","author":"Naik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105096","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2105096","article-title":"Postnatal exposure to ambient air pollutants is associated with the composition of the infant gut microbiota at 6-months of age","volume":"14","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27317-1","article-title":"Residential green environments are associated with human milk oligosaccharide diversity and composition","volume":"13","author":"Galante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.08.019","article-title":"Exercised breastmilk: A kick-start to prevent childhood obesity?","volume":"35","author":"Moholdt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmen, M., Giske\u00f8deg\u00e5rd, G.F., and Moholdt, T. (2023). High-intensity exercise increases breast milk adiponectin concentrations: A randomised cross-over study. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1275508"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf296","article-title":"Maternal Physical Activity and Its Relationship to the Human Milk Metabolome and Infant Body Composition","volume":"111","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac082","article-title":"Methodological approaches for studying the human milk microbiome","volume":"81","author":"Stinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajeeb, T.T., Gonzalez, E., Solomons, N.W., Vossenaar, M., and Koski, K.G. (2024). Human milk microbiome: Associations with maternal diet and infant growth. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1341777"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06269","article-title":"Impact of Environmental Exposures on Human Breast Milk Lipidome in Future Immune-Mediated Diseases","volume":"58","author":"Ghaffarzadegan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2022.25.3.194","article-title":"Composition of Human Breast Milk Microbiota and Its Role in Children\u2019s Health","volume":"25","author":"Notarbartolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraluck, A., Techarang, T., Bunyapipat, P., Boonchuwong, K., Pullaput, Y., and Mordmuang, A. (2024). Detection of Microplastics in Human Breast Milk and Its Association with Changes in Human Milk Bacterial Microbiota. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144029"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.01.006","article-title":"Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota","volume":"53","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90980-3","article-title":"Psychosocial stress and cortisol stress reactivity predict breast milk composition","volume":"11","author":"Ziomkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003","article-title":"Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy","volume":"117","author":"Lahti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, P.D., Aparicio, M., Alba, C., Hechler, C., Beijers, R., Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., Fern\u00e1ndez, L., and De Weerth, C. (2019). Human Milk Microbiome and Maternal Postnatal Psychosocial Distress. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02333"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.11.020","article-title":"Maternal stress in the early postpartum period is associated with alterations in human milk microbiome composition","volume":"124","author":"Juncker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70342","article-title":"Maternal and infant microbiota in early infancy: Longitudinal findings from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102428","article-title":"Exposure to prescribed medication in early life and impacts on gut microbiota and disease development","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62584-2","article-title":"Impact of early life antibiotic and probiotic treatment on gut microbiome and resistome of very-low-birth-weight preterm infants","volume":"16","author":"Kiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03685-y","article-title":"Association between early-life antibiotic exposure and gut microbiome alterations linked to allergic diseases in children: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Sameeha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13230","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure in early life and childhood overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20181489","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1489","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Abundance in Early Infancy and Vaccine Response at 2 Years of Age","volume":"143","author":"Huda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330168","article-title":"Compared to histamine-2 receptor antagonist, proton pump inhibitor induces stronger oral-to-gut microbial transmission and gut microbiome alterations: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15213","article-title":"The effects of proton pump inhibitors on the microbiome in young children","volume":"109","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pierro, F., Campedelli, I., De Marta, P., Fracchetti, F., Del Casale, A., Cavecchia, I., Matera, M., Cazzaniga, M., Bertuccioli, A., and Guasti, L. (2023). Bifidobacterium breve PRL2020: Antibiotic-Resistant Profile and Genomic Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071649"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85670-z","article-title":"Administration of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics and delivery method correlate with intestinal abundances of Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides in early infancy, in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Imoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575924","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2575924","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 mitigates antibiotic-induced gut microbiome functional alterations independently of the host","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu, A.T., V\u00e1zquez Fr\u00edas, R., Boggio Marzet, C., Stefanolo, J.P., Concha Mej\u00eda, A., Bustos Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Laudanno, O., Rosa, D., Cruz Serrano, M.C., and C\u00e1rdenas, K. (2025). Effectiveness of Bacillus clausii (O\/C, N\/R, SIN, T) in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050439"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.-M., Zhang, M.-Y., Wu, Y.-Y., Zhang, L., and Zhang, Y.-X. (2025). Survival and Morphological Changes of Clostridium butyricum Spores Co-Exposed to Antibiotics and Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061347"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.101148","article-title":"Effects of maternal probiotic supplementation on breast milk microbiome and infant gut microbiome and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Alemu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonia, S., Heisel, T., Miller, N., Haapala, J., Harnack, L., Georgieff, M.K., Fields, D.A., Knights, D., Jacobs, K., and Seburg, E. (2024). Maternal oral probiotic use is associated with decreased breastmilk inflammatory markers, infant fecal microbiome variation, and altered recognition memory responses in infants\u2014A pilot observational study. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1456111"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00443-y","article-title":"Impact of probiotics supplement on the gut microbiota in neonates with antibiotic exposure: An open-label single-center randomized parallel controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biasucci, G., Capra, M.E., Giudice, A., Monopoli, D., Stanyevic, B., Rotondo, R., Mucci, A., Neglia, C., Campana, B., and Esposito, S. (2025). Use of Probiotics During Antibiotic Therapy in Pediatrics: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Italian Primary Care Pediatricians. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060577"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Auria, E., Borsani, B., Pendezza, E., Bosetti, A., Paradiso, L., Zuccotti, G.V., and Verduci, E. (2020). Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217931"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noles, D.L., Matzeller, K.L., Frank, D.N., Krebs, N.F., and Tang, M. (2025). Complementary Feeding and Infant Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050743"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000123895","article-title":"Adjustment of Pineal Melatonin and N-Acetyltransferase Rhythms to Change from Long to Short Photoperiod in the Djungarian Hamster Phodopus sungorus","volume":"38","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.056","article-title":"Variation in Microbiome LPS Immunogenicity Contributes to Autoimmunity in Humans","volume":"165","author":"Vatanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.015","article-title":"An exposome perspective: Early-life events and immune development in a changing world","volume":"140","author":"Renz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04259-8","article-title":"Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"357","author":"Salminen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000339182","article-title":"Probiotics Modulate Host-Microbe Interaction in the Placenta and Fetal Gut: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"102","author":"Rautava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03975.x","article-title":"A protective effect of L\u00a0actobacillus rhamnosus\u00a0HN 001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years","volume":"42","author":"Wickens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09889.x","article-title":"Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease: A randomized, double-blind trial: Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease","volume":"163","author":"Dotterud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13514","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of probiotic strains on the prevention of pediatric atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Recto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06628-1","article-title":"Combining Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and human milk oligosaccharides synergistically increases short chain fatty acid production ex vivo","volume":"7","author":"James","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.10.001","article-title":"Glycan Utilization and Cross-Feeding Activities by Bifidobacteria","volume":"26","author":"Turroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01054-9","article-title":"Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides program cognitive development through a non-genomic transmission mode","volume":"26","author":"Hauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousuf, E.I., Carvalho, M., Dizzell, S.E., Kim, S., Gunn, E., Twiss, J., Giglia, L., Stuart, C., and Hutton, E.K. (2020). Persistence of Suspected Probiotic Organisms in Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota Weeks After Probiotic Supplementation in the NICU. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.574137"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100077","article-title":"Microbiota Supplementation with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Modifies the Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota and Metabolome: An Observational Study","volume":"1","author":"Dalby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15404-7","article-title":"Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri colonization on gut microbiota, inflammation, and crying time in infant colic","volume":"7","author":"Nation","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.04.009","article-title":"Early-Life Antibiotic-Driven Dysbiosis Leads to Dysregulated Vaccine Immune Responses in Mice","volume":"23","author":"Lynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021052061","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052061","article-title":"Antibiotic Use and Vaccine Antibody Levels","volume":"149","author":"Chapman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites Fuel Host Antibody Responses","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e787","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00185-9","article-title":"The early-life gut microbiome and vaccine efficacy","volume":"3","author":"Jordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01044-2","article-title":"Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?","volume":"387","author":"Rollins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"WHO (2026, February 26). World Health Organization Guideline: Protecting, Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding in Facilities Providing Maternity and Newborn Services. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/259386."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002655","article-title":"Probiotics and Preterm Infants: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics","volume":"70","author":"Shamir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003633","article-title":"Probiotics for the Management of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders: Position Paper of the ESPGHAN Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications","volume":"76","author":"Szajewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000002002","article-title":"World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: Probiotics and Prebiotics","volume":"58","author":"Guarner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/7\/1074\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:40:52Z","timestamp":1774975252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/7\/1074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18071074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18071074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}