{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:28:19Z","timestamp":1791196099615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":240,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"5 \u00d7 1000 IRPEF funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016112","name":"University of Foggia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP H93C22000630001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H93C22000630001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ginger has a long history as both a culinary and medicinal plant and is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its ability to promote health and well-being. The principal bioactive compounds of ginger are present in fresh and dried forms and have been largely studied for their therapeutic potential. These compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities mediated through various mechanisms. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of innovative delivery systems, thereby enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of ginger-derived compounds in modern medical applications. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of ginger and its potential role in disease prevention. Relevant studies were identified through the main research databases, publication screening, manual reference checks, and author consensus was conducted. Results: This narrative review provides an overview of the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds in ginger for the management and prevention of cardiovascular, arthritis, neurodegenerative, and gastrointestinal diseases, with particular emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. In addition, their potential anti-aging properties are extensively discussed. The evidence reported is predominantly preclinical (in vitro and in vivo models), with more limited and heterogeneous clinical data. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in accelerating the discovery and evaluation of bioactive agents with therapeutic relevance across diverse biological systems. Conclusions: This review highlights the emerging applications of ginger extracts in human health and suggests their applications in both traditional medicine and contemporary drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:45:42Z","timestamp":1774626342000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ginger Bioactives as Multi-Target Therapeutics: Mechanisms, Delivery Innovation, and Human Health Impact"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4430-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Simeone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2399-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Martina","family":"Filannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Cianciulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1603-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ida","family":"de Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6775-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Compierchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Benameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Calvello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Ferchichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies, and Biomarkers (LR16\/ES05), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Porro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Antonietta","family":"Panaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almatroodi, S.A., Alnuqaydan, A.M., Babiker, A.Y., Almogbel, M.A., Khan, A.A., and Husain Rahmani, A. (2021). 6-Gingerol, a Bioactive Compound of Ginger Attenuates Renal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Regulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030317"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-025-00280-2","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile, Therapeutic Potentials, Nutritional Composition, and Food Applications of Ginger: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"5","author":"Edo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Food"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02210A","article-title":"Vasculoprotective Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajanaku, C.O., Ademosun, O.T., Atohengbe, P.O., Ajayi, S.O., Obafemi, Y.D., Owolabi, O.A., Akinduti, P.A., and Ajanaku, K.O. (2022). Functional Bioactive Compounds in Ginger, Turmeric, and Garlic. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1012023"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayustaningwarno, F., Anjani, G., Ayu, A.M., and Fogliano, V. (2024). A Critical Review of Ginger\u2019s (Zingiber officinale) Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Activities. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1364836"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021254725842","article-title":"Botanicals in Cancer Chemoprevention","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaukat, M.N., Nazir, A., and Fallico, B. (2023). Ginger Bioactives: A Comprehensive Review of Health Benefits and Potential Food Applications. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12112015"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W., Yu, A., Wang, S., Bai, Q., Tang, H., Yang, B., Wang, M., and Kuang, H. (2023). Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities, and Applications of the Polysaccharides from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Ginger): A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093855"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, K.P. (2019). Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)\u2014World\u2019s Invaluable Medicinal Spices: The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29189-1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcusa, R., Villa\u00f1o, D., Marhuenda, J., Cano, M., Cerd\u00e0, B., and Zafrilla, P. (2022). Potential Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.809621"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1zm\u00e1ndi, K., Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si, A.G., and Fekete, T. (2024). The \u201cRoot\u201d Causes behind the Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Ginger Compounds in Immune Cells. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1400956"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111043","article-title":"Impact of Drying and Extractions Processes on the Recovery of Gingerols and Shogaols, the Main Bioactive Compounds of Ginger","volume":"154","author":"Dalsasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-018-0097-4","article-title":"Zingiber officinale Rosc. Essential Oil, a Review on Its Composition and Bioactivity","volume":"5","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Phytosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabborova, D., Choudhary, R., Azimov, A., Jabbarov, Z., Selim, S., Abu-Elghait, M., Desouky, S.E., Azab, I.H.E., Alsuhaibani, A.M., and Khattab, A. (2022). Composition of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger), Soil Properties and Soil Enzyme Activities Grown in Different Concentration of Mineral Fertilizers. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8010043"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0301-1","article-title":"Heat-Induced Conversion of Gingerols to Shogaols in Ginger as Affected by Heat Type (Dry or Moist Heat), Sample Type (Fresh or Dried), Temperature and Time","volume":"27","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03888","article-title":"Precision Research on Ginger: The Type of Ginger Matters","volume":"68","author":"Sang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1777","article-title":"Ginger: A Complementary Approach for Management of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"47","author":"Roudsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schepici, G., Contestabile, V., Valeri, A., and Mazzon, E. (2021). Ginger, a Possible Candidate for the Treatment of Dementias?. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185700"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.H.H., Gonda, T., Agbadua, O.G., Girst, G., Berkecz, R., K\u00fasz, N., Tsai, M.-C., Wu, C.-C., Balogh, G.T., and Hunyadi, A. (2023). Preparation and Evaluation of 6-Gingerol Derivatives as Novel Antioxidants and Antiplatelet Agents. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030744"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-022-02372-7","article-title":"Revisiting the Therapeutic Potential of Gingerols against Different Pharmacological Activities","volume":"396","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00969-z","article-title":"Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Application Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ginger from the Perspective of One Source and Multiple Substances","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh, N.H., Kim, S.J., Long, N.P., Min, J.E., Yoon, Y.C., Lee, E.G., Kim, M., Kim, T.J., Yang, Y.Y., and Son, E.Y. (2020). Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010157"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-018-0070-2","article-title":"In-Vitro Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Toxicological Evaluation of Nigerian Zingiber officinale","volume":"4","author":"Yusuf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Phytosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.09.095","article-title":"Effect-Directed Analysis of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Its Food Products, and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry","volume":"243","author":"Bergin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.06.088","article-title":"Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) with Bioethanol: An Efficient and Sustainable Approach","volume":"1218","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H.Z.E., and Rahmat, A. (2015). Optimization Protocol for the Extraction of 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol from Zingiber officinale Var. Rubrum Theilade and Improving Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity Using Response Surface Methodology. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0718-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100947","article-title":"Gingerols and Shogaols: A Multi-Faceted Review of Their Extraction, Formulation, and Analysis in Drugs and Biofluids to Maximize Their Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"20","author":"Maghraby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Baghdadi, A., and Tayebi-Meigooni, A. (2018). Formation of 6-, 8- and 10-Shogaol in Ginger through Application of Different Drying Methods: Altered Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071646"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2022.01.002","article-title":"Zerumbone Suppresses High Glucose and LPS-Induced Inflammation in THP-1-Derived Macrophages by Inhibiting the NF-\u03baB\/TLR Signaling Pathway","volume":"100","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira Da Silva, T., Pinheiro, C.D., Puccinelli Orlandi, P., Pinheiro, C.C., and Soares Pontes, G. (2018). Zerumbone from Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A Potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent against the Cariogenic Bacterium Streptococcus Mutans. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2360-0"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3462","article-title":"The Antioxidant Activity, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber zerumbet and Antimicrobial Efficacy against Selective Endodontic Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Assiry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"125","article-title":"Active Ingredients of Ginger as Potential Candidates in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases via Modulation of Biological Activities","volume":"6","author":"Rahmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulieman, A.M.E., Ibrahim, S.M., Alshammari, M., Abdulaziz, F., Idriss, H., Alanazi, N.A.H., Abdallah, E.M., Siddiqui, A.J., Shommo, S.A.M., and Jamal, A. (2024). Zingiber officinale Uncovered: Integrating Experimental and Computational Approaches to Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profiling. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.1729.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7252","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04753A","article-title":"An Overview of 6-Shogaol: New Insights into Its Pharmacological Properties and Potential Therapeutic Activities","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plana, L., Marhuenda, J., Arcusa, R., Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz, A.M., Ballester, P., Cerd\u00e1, B., Victoria-Montesinos, D., and Zafrilla, P. (2025). Characterization, Antioxidant Capacity, and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Different Pharmaceutical Formulations. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070873"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, D.-G., Kim, M., Choi, A.-J., and Choe, J.-S. (2024). Health Benefits of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds in Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Leaves by Network Pharmacology Analysis Combined with Experimental Validation. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060652"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballester, P., Cerd\u00e1, B., Arcusa, R., Marhuenda, J., Yamedjeu, K., and Zafrilla, P. (2022). Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217223"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15064324","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content in Two Varieties of Malaysia Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17078037","article-title":"6-Shogaol-Rich Extract from Ginger up-Regulates the Antioxidant Defense Systems in Cells and Mice","volume":"17","author":"Bak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.04.059","article-title":"Zingiber officinale Extract Administration Diminishes Steroyl-CoA Desaturase Gene Expression and Activity in Hyperlipidemic Hamster Liver by Reducing the Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"48","author":"Carnuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01717","article-title":"Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Determination of Polyphenols and Antioxidants in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)","volume":"5","author":"Idris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S364175","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Oral Microbes, Antioxidant Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber officinale","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-016-1210-1","article-title":"Gingerol Protects against Experimental Liver Fibrosis in Rats via Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory and Profibrogenic Mediators","volume":"389","author":"Algandaby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff-Kont, I., and F\u00fcrst, R. (2021). Benefits of Ginger and Its Constituent 6-Shogaol in Inhibiting Inflammatory Processes. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14060571"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5152\/eujrheum.2020.20192","article-title":"Ginger Extract Suppresses the Activations of NF-\u03baB and Wnt Pathways and Protects Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Orhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"154","article-title":"The Effect of Ginger Supplementation on IL2, TNF\u03b1, and IL1\u03b2 Cytokines Gene Expression Levels in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Aryaeian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127562","article-title":"Zingerone Effects on Arsenic-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Hepatotoxicity in Mice via Suppression of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Hepatic Inflammation and Apoptosis","volume":"86","author":"Hafezizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.08.008","article-title":"Biological Activities of Ginger against Cadmium-Induced Renal Toxicity","volume":"26","author":"Gabr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03873-x","article-title":"The Neurotoxic Effects of Lead Acetate and the Abrogating Actions of 6-Gingerol-Rich Extract of Ginger via Modulation of Antioxidant Defence System, pro-Inflammatory Markers, and Apoptotic Cascade","volume":"398","author":"Ayinla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_91_24","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Activity of Red Ginger Extract on Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury Models in HepG2 Cells","volume":"24","author":"Widowati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625586","DOI":"10.1155\/jfbc\/2625586","article-title":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Bioactive Components: Potential Resources for Kidney Health","volume":"2025","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.048","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Zingerone against Vancomycin-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis and Aquaporin 1 Permeability in Rat Kidney","volume":"105","author":"Kandemir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"703","article-title":"Effects of Ginger on Serum Glucose, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Inflammation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"31","author":"Imani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Burbank Los Angel. Cty. Calif."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2019065050275","article-title":"Effect of Graviola (Annona muricata L.) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Diabetes Mellitus Induced in Male Wistar Albino Rats","volume":"65","author":"Elsaid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-018-0037-4","article-title":"Anti-Apoptotic, Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Effects of 6-Shogaol on Human Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"503521","article-title":"6-Shogaol Protects against Oxidized LDL-Induced Endothelial Injruries by Inhibiting Oxidized LDL-Evoked LOX-1 Signaling","volume":"2013","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, S., Wali, A.F., Rashid, S.M., Alsaffar, R.M., Ahmad, A., Jan, B.L., Paray, B.A., Alqahtani, S.M.A., Arafah, A., and Rehman, M.U. (2021). Zingerone Targets Status Epilepticus by Blocking Hippocampal Neurodegeneration via Regulation of Redox Imbalance, Inflammation and Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020146"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sp, N., Kang, D.Y., Lee, J.-M., Bae, S.W., and Jang, K.-J. (2021). Potential Antitumor Effects of 6-Gingerol in P53-Dependent Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Inhibition of Tumor Sphere Formation in Breast Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094660"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4513","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4129","article-title":"Review of the Anticancer Properties of 6-Shogaol: Mechanisms of Action in Cancer Cells and Future Research Opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Habtemariam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, I., and Chin, N.L. (2023). Antioxidant Properties of Dried Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Var. Bentong. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010178"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53460","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10562","article-title":"Functional Ginger-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-Coated ZIF-8 Containing TNF-\u03b1 siRNA for Ulcerative Colitis Therapy by Modulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, D., Jiang, H., Zhang, S., Pang, X., Gao, S., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Xiao, Q., and Chen, L. (2020). Gut Microbiota Variation with Short-Term Intake of Ginger Juice on Human Health. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.576061"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzie, I.F.F., and Wachtel-Galor, S. (2011). The Amazing and Mighty Ginger. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10787"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892002289753240305062601","article-title":"Safety Aspects of Herb Interactions: Current Understanding and Future Prospects","volume":"25","author":"Hazra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128372023250324050304","article-title":"Emerging Trends in the Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Ginger: From Traditional Medicine to Nanotechnological Innovations","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/10820132211040917","article-title":"Zingiber officinale Essential Oil-Loaded Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Characterization and In-Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities","volume":"28","author":"Yousefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102130","article-title":"Ischemic Brain Treated with 6-Gingerol Loaded Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsion via Intranasal Delivery and Their Comparative Pharmacokinetic Effect in Brain","volume":"61","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deleanu, M., Toma, L., Sanda, G.M., Barb\u0103lat\u0103, T., Niculescu, L.\u015e., Sima, A.V., Deleanu, C., S\u0103c\u0103rescu, L., Suciu, A., and Alexandru, G. (2023). Formulation of Phytosomes with Extracts of Ginger Rhizomes and Rosehips with Improved Bioavailability, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vivo. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041066"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2023.02.003","article-title":"Encapsulation of Ginger Extract in Nanoemulsions: Preparation, Characterization and in Vivo Evaluation in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"112","author":"Maleki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11941","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S483091","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Ginger Exosome-Like Nanoparticles for Alleviating Periodontitis-Induced Tissue Damage","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaikh, F., Al-Samydai, A., Issa, R., Alshaer, W., Alqaraleh, M., Al-Halaseh, L.K., Alsanabrah, A., Ghanim, B.Y., Al Azzam, K.M., and Qinna, N.A. (2024). Encapsulation of Gingerol into Nanoliposomes: Evaluation of In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Activity. Biomed. Chromatogr. BMC, 38.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5899"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.018","article-title":"Edible Ginger-Derived Nanoparticles: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colitis-Associated Cancer","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1037-4081","article-title":"Preclinical Toxicology and Anticholangiocarcinoma Activity of Oral Formulation of Standardized Extract of Zingiber officinale","volume":"86","author":"Plengsuriyakarn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34883-5","article-title":"Biomimetic Electrodynamic Nanoparticles Comprising Ginger-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Synergistic Anti-Infective Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El Wahab, W.M., El-Badry, A.A., Mahmoud, S.S., El-Badry, Y.A., El-Badry, M.A., and Hamdy, D.A. (2021). Ginger (Zingiber officinale)-Derived Nanoparticles in Schistosoma mansoni Infected Mice: Hepatoprotective and Enhancer of Etiological Treatment. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009423"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Olvera Lopez, E., Ballard, B.D., and Jan, A. (2025). Cardiovascular Disease. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.193507","article-title":"The Effect of a 10-Week High-Intensity Interval Training and Ginger Consumption on Inflammatory Indices Contributing to Atherosclerosis in Overweight Women","volume":"21","author":"Nayebifar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.176-181","article-title":"Red Ginger-Extract Nanoemulsion Modulates High Blood Pressure in Rats by Regulating Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Production","volume":"14","author":"Hanifah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2014.880671","article-title":"The Effect of Ginger Consumption on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile and Some Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"65","author":"Arablou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"e57927","article-title":"The Effects of Ginger on Fasting Blood Sugar, Hemoglobin A1c, and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Saedisomeolia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2015.1111020","article-title":"Effect of Cinnamon, Cardamom, Saffron and Ginger Consumption on Blood Pressure and a Marker of Endothelial Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"25","author":"Azimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1427044","article-title":"The Effects of Ginger Intake on Weight Loss and Metabolic Profiles among Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"59","author":"Maharlouei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6362","article-title":"Does Ginger Supplementation Lower Blood Pressure? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"33","author":"Hasani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200501000-00013","article-title":"Ginger Lowers Blood Pressure through Blockade of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels","volume":"45","author":"Ghayur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2005.07.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Ginger Aqueous Extract and Its Phenolic Constituents Are Mediated through Multiple Pathways","volume":"43","author":"Ghayur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2012.0264","article-title":"Inhibition of Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme Activity by Two Varieties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet","volume":"17","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480294","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1480294","article-title":"Ginger Oleoresin Alleviated \u03b3-Ray Irradiation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species via the Nrf2 Protective Response in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"2017","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganjikunta, V.S., Maddula, R.R., Bhasha, S., Sahukari, R., Kondeti Ramudu, S., Chenji, V., Kesireddy, S.R., Zheng, Z., and Korivi, M. (2022). Cardioprotective Effects of 6-Gingerol against Alcohol-Induced ROS-Mediated Tissue Injury and Apoptosis in Rats. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238606"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027514","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3027514","article-title":"6-Gingerol Alleviates Ferroptosis and Inflammation of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via the Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.04.005","article-title":"Targeting Free Radicals in Oxidative Stress-Related Human Diseases","volume":"38","author":"Poprac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.552210157","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Gingerol Related Compounds from Ginger","volume":"21","author":"Masuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2017.01.001","article-title":"Ginger Rhizomes (Zingiber officinale): A Spice with Multiple Health Beneficial Potentials","volume":"5","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"2420","article-title":"Relaxant and Vasoprotective Effects of Ginger Extracts on Porcine Coronary Arteries","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2020.08.102","article-title":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extract Protects the Heart Against Inflammation and Fibrosis in Diabetic Rats","volume":"45","author":"Abdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.08.018","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-\u03b2) Mediates Cardiac Fibrosis and Induces Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"133","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.10.027","article-title":"Ginger Extract Attenuates Labetalol Induced Apoptosis, DNA Damage, Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in the Heart of Rat Fetuses","volume":"28","author":"Gobara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1008147","article-title":"Protective Effects of the Standardized Extract of Zingiber officinale on Myocardium against Isoproterenol-Induced Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations in Rats","volume":"53","author":"Amran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2019.04.013","article-title":"The Influence of Ginger Administration on Cisplatin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rat: Light and Electron Microscopic Study","volume":"121","author":"Omar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.203891","article-title":"Ginger Treatment Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Myocardial Damage by Suppression of Hyperlipidemia and Cardiac Biomarkers in Rats","volume":"13","author":"Subbaiah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00587-z","article-title":"6-Gingerol Protects against Cardiac Remodeling by Inhibiting the P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00852","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.852","article-title":"[8]-Gingerol Exerts Anti-Myocardial Ischemic Effects in Rats via Modulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway and L-Type Ca2+ Channels","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25576","article-title":"HMGB1 Inhibits Apoptosis Following MI and Induces Autophagy via mTORC1 Inhibition","volume":"232","author":"Foglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"8798653","article-title":"6-Gingerol Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Cell Apoptosis in Human AC16 Cardiomyocytes through HMGB2-JNK1\/2-NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alolga, R.N., Wang, F., Zhang, X., Li, J., Tran, L.-S.P., and Yin, X. (2022). Bioactive Compounds from the Zingiberaceae Family with Known Antioxidant Activities for Possible Therapeutic Uses. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071281"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2012.1389","article-title":"Protective Effects of Ginger Root Extract on Alzheimer Disease-Induced Behavioral Dysfunction in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04484-y","article-title":"Polypharmacology and Neuroprotective Effects of Gingerol in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"62","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.a2023.0002","article-title":"6-Gingerol Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome through Nrf2 Activation","volume":"61","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112820","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Study of Ginger Constituents","volume":"177","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, D., Wang, S., Peng, Z., Tan, Q., He, Q., and Wang, J. (2023). 6-Gingerol Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice through Activating LKB1\/AMPK Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076285"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44120424","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of 6-Gingerol in Prevention of Colon Cancer Induced by Azoxymethane through the Modulation of Antioxidant Potential and Inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Aloliqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Lin, E., Xiao, R., Li, Z., Liu, B., and Wang, J. (2024). Structural Characteristic, Strong Antioxidant, and Anti-Gastric Cancer Investigations on an Oleoresin from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Var. Roscoe). Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13101498"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA06184H","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 Metabolism Studies of [6]-Gingerol, [8]-Gingerol, and [10]-Gingerol by Liver Microsomes of Humans and Different Species Combined with Expressed CYP Enzymes","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173275","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2173275","article-title":"Effects of Ginger Phenylpropanoids and Quercetin on Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Human BJ Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes","volume":"2016","author":"Schadich","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waiwut, P., Takomthong, P., Anorach, R., Lomaboot, N., Daodee, S., Chulikhit, Y., Monthakantirat, O., Khamphukdee, C., and Boonyarat, C. (2025). Pharmacological Evaluation of a Traditional Thai Polyherbal Formula for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Evidence from In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136287"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.126292","article-title":"Contact Lenses Eluting Atorvastatin-Loaded Ginger-Exosomes: Mechanistic Modulation of Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in Glaucoma Management","volume":"686","author":"Bebawy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116087","article-title":"Probiotic-Fermented Ginger-Processed Gastrodia Elata BI. Ameliorates AlCl3-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Rat Model by Regulating the Gut Microbiota and CREB\/BDNF Pathway","volume":"207","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22956","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22956","article-title":"Protective Effects of 6-Gingerol on 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells through Modulation of SAPK\/JNK and Survivin Activation","volume":"36","author":"Ramazani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2024.075","article-title":"Coadministration of 6-Shogaol and Levodopa Alleviates Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Related Pathology in Mice","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111088","article-title":"Zingiber officinale Ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cognitive Impairments: Lessons from Preclinical Studies","volume":"133","author":"Talebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30356-4","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Neurological Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Cryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.05.009","article-title":"Ginger Improves Cognitive Function via NGF-Induced ERK\/CREB Activation in the Hippocampus of the Mouse","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1657","article-title":"The Role of 6-Gingerol on Inhibiting Amyloid \u03b2 Protein-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Li, Z., Zhao, X., Du, Y., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Yang, L., Cao, Y., Qiu, J., and Qian, Y. (2024). Screening of Active Substances Regulating Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Ginger and Visualization of the Effectiveness on 6-Gingerol Pathway Targets. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13040612"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04583-w","article-title":"Ginger Extract Improves Cognitive Dysfunction via Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in D-Galactose\/Ovariectomy-Induced Alzheimer-Like Disease","volume":"62","author":"Zahedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086749","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4086749","article-title":"Kihito, a Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine, Improves Cognitive Function in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"2019","author":"Watari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383062","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/383062","article-title":"Zingiber officinale Improves Cognitive Function of the Middle-Aged Healthy Women","volume":"2012","author":"Saenghong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03639-4","article-title":"6-Shogaol, a Neuro-Nutraceutical Derived from Ginger, Alleviates Motor Symptoms and Depression-like Behaviors and Modulates the Release of Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mice","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax8937","article-title":"Gut Microbes Metabolize Parkinson\u2019s Disease Drug","volume":"364","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.10.027","article-title":"Targeting Modulation of Intestinal Flora through Oral Route by an Antimicrobial Nucleic Acid-Loaded Exosome-like Nanovesicles to Improve Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"69","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02415-4","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Intervention","volume":"10","author":"Eixarch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801356","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201801356","article-title":"Treatment with 6-Gingerol Regulates Dendritic Cell Activity and Ameliorates the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.52547\/ibj.2979","article-title":"The Effect of Zingiber officinale Extract on Preventing Demyelination of Corpus Callosum in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"211","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ginger Extract on the Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Kamankesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Immunol. IJI"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2018.089","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of 6-Shogaol and Its Metabolite, 6-Paradol, in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Sapkota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foshati, S., Poursadeghfard, M., Heidari, Z., and Amani, R. (2023). The Effects of Ginger Supplementation on Common Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04227-x"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"157285","article-title":"Phytotherapy as an Adjunct to the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2014A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"148","author":"Piekarz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.149","article-title":"Ginger Extract Components Suppress Induction of Chemokine Expression in Human Synoviocytes","volume":"11","author":"Phan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-023-00810-1","article-title":"In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Zingerone on TNF\u03b1-Stimulated Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes","volume":"59","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00549E","article-title":"Cedrol Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice and Modulates the Inflammatory Response in LPS-Mediated Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"154562","article-title":"6-Shogaol Inhibits the Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Migration of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes via the PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000479789","article-title":"Protective Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extract against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by Interleukin-1\u03b2 in Cultured Chondrocytes","volume":"204","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2005.8.149","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) on the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Normal and Osteoarthrotic Sow Chondrocytes","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200833","article-title":"6-Shogaol Inhibits Chondrocytes\u2019 Innate Immune Responses and Cathepsin-K Activity","volume":"58","author":"Villalvilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00363.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Zingiber officinale Rhizomes in Rat Collagen-induced Arthritis","volume":"104","author":"Fouda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X17727997","article-title":"Effects of Zingiber officinale Extract on Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice and IL-1\u03b2-Induced Inflammation in Human Synovial Fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S374827","article-title":"Dehydrozingerone Alleviates Hyperalgesia, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Factors in Complete Freund\u2019s Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2016.1206762","article-title":"Effect of Ginger Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokines in Older Patients with Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"35","author":"Naderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.09.024","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Ginger in Osteoarthritis Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"23","author":"Bartels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9512","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01640H","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Steamed Ginger Extract on Mild Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"15","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550170","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2550170","article-title":"Effects of Ginger Supplementation in Individuals with Mild to Moderate Joint Pain I: Ratings of Pain, Functional Capacity, and Markers of Inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Broeckel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550176","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2550176","article-title":"Effects of Ginger Supplementation in Individuals with Mild-to-Moderate Joint Pain II: Joint Flexibility, Markers of Health, Quality of Life, Analgesic Use, and Side Effects","volume":"22","author":"Estes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05122-4","article-title":"Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and DNA Damage Protecting Potential of Hot Taste Spices: A Comparative Approach to Validate Their Utilization as Functional Foods","volume":"59","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00648-7","article-title":"DNA Damage Repair: Historical Perspectives, Mechanistic Pathways and Clinical Translation for Targeted Cancer Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.04.005","article-title":"Protective Effect of Ginger Extract against Bromobenzene-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats","volume":"47","author":"Newairy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2412","article-title":"Protective Effects of Dietary Ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc.) on Lindane-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S124016","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Ginger Extract as a Daily Supplement in Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Pilot Study","volume":"9","author":"Danwilai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2019.102673","article-title":"Inflammation-Induced DNA Damage, Mutations and Cancer","volume":"83","author":"Kay","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wali, A.F., Rehman, M.U., Raish, M., Kazi, M., Rao, P.G.M., Alnemer, O., Ahmad, P., and Ahmad, A. (2020). Zingerone [4-(3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenyl)-Butan-2] Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Protects Rats from Sepsis Associated Multi Organ Damage. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215127"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Diet, Physical Activity and Telomere Length in Adults","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, R., and Jat, P. (2021). Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.645593"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708092","article-title":"Senescence and Aging: Causes, Consequences, and Therapeutic Avenues","volume":"217","author":"McHugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1971610","article-title":"The Essence of Senescence","volume":"24","author":"Kuilman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.235184.113","article-title":"Cellular Senescence and Its Effector Programs","volume":"28","author":"Salama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13193","article-title":"The Role of Senescent Cells in Ageing","volume":"509","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328358d59b","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Older Adults","volume":"24","author":"Walston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayo, A., Segovia, R., Venturini, W., Moore-Carrasco, R., Valenzuela, C., and Brown, N. (2021). mTOR Activity and Autophagy in Senescent Cells, a Complex Partnership. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158149"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1388","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Act through P38 MAPK to Limit the Lifespan of Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"12","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2591hyp","article-title":"Nrf2, a Multi-Organ Protector?","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"498","article-title":"Gingival Hyperplasia: An Intra-Oral Side Effect of Phenytoin, Nifedipine and Cyclosporine Therapies","volume":"29","author":"Yusof","year":"1988","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moaddel, R., Rossi, M., Rodriguez, S., Munk, R., Khadeer, M., Abdelmohsen, K., Gorospe, M., and Ferrucci, L. (2022). Identification of Gingerenone A as a Novel Senolytic Compound. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266135"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107691","article-title":"Improving Mitochondrial Function Significantly Reduces the Rate of Age Related Photoreceptor Loss","volume":"185","author":"Sivapathasuntharam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theurey, P., and Pizzo, P. (2018). The Aging Mitochondria. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9010022"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Santos, J.M., Dufour, J.M., Stephens, E.R., Miranda, J.M., Washburn, R.L., Hibler, T., Kaur, G., Lin, D., and Shen, C.-L. (2022). Ginger Root Extract Improves GI Health in Diabetic Rats by Improving Intestinal Integrity and Mitochondrial Function. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204384"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12196","article-title":"Preventative Effect of Zingiber officinale on Insulin Resistance in a High-Fat High-Carbohydrate Diet-Fed Rat Model and Its Mechanism of Action","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2013.09.004","article-title":"Exercise and Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"2","author":"Kwak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monda, A., de Stefano, M.I., Villano, I., Allocca, S., Casillo, M., Messina, A., Monda, V., Moscatelli, F., Dipace, A., and Limone, P. (2024). Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Increased Risk of Obesity: A Narrative Review. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13162627"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104754","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review on Obesity: Understanding the Causes & Consequences of Obesity and Reviewing Various Machine Learning Approaches Used to Predict Obesity","volume":"136","author":"Safaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009","article-title":"Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-020-09836-2","article-title":"Epigenetics and Genome Stability","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawase, Y., Sunagawa, Y., Shimizu, K., Funamoto, M., Hamabe-Horiike, T., Katanasaka, Y., Shimizu, S., Hawke, P., Mori, K., and Komiyama, M. (2023). 6-Shogaol, an Active Component of Ginger, Inhibits P300 Histone Acetyltransferase Activity and Attenuates the Development of Pressure-Overload-Induced Heart Failure. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092232"},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"109","article-title":"Regulation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Associated-miRNAs by Ginger and Persimmon Extracts","volume":"15","author":"Khazbak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. C Physiol. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6858","article-title":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and Its Bioactive Components Are Potential Resources for Health Beneficial Agents","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7316","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO01172H","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Steamed Ginger Extract for Gastric Health: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multi-Center Clinical Trial","volume":"16","author":"Baek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2025.100792","article-title":"Evaluation of Adverse Effects and Tolerability of Dietary Ginger Supplementation in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia","volume":"102","author":"Aregawi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"3279","article-title":"The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Bhargava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.40.9.8739","article-title":"Role of Ginger in Management of Nausea among Patients Receiving Chemotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Syed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Chen, Y., Hu, X., Feng, F., Cai, L., and Chen, F. (2020). Assessing the Effects of Ginger Extract on Polyphenol Profiles and the Subsequent Impact on the Fecal Microbiota by Simulating Digestion and Fermentation In Vitro. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103194"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.104","article-title":"Ginger Polysaccharides Enhance Intestinal Immunity by Modulating Gut Microbiota in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bretto, E., Ribaldone, D.G., Caviglia, G.P., Saracco, G.M., Bugianesi, E., and Frara, S. (2023). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Emerging Therapies and Future Treatment Strategies. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082249"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"661","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"98","author":"Veauthier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230006","DOI":"10.62958\/j.cjap.2023.006","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Ulcer and Their Treatment","volume":"39","author":"RaviKKumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(14)60011-X","article-title":"Protective Effect of Ginger Volatile Oil against Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats: A Light Microscopic Evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Rashidian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J.-K., Park, J.H., Kim, K.S., Kang, T.H., and Kim, H.S. (2020). Antiulcer Activity of Steamed Ginger Extract against Ethanol\/HCl-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204663"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sistani Karampour, N., Arzi, A., Rezaie, A., Pashmforoosh, M., and Kordi, F. (2019). Gastroprotective Effect of Zingerone on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55030064"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.032","article-title":"Ginger Polysaccharides Relieve Ulcerative Colitis via Maintaining Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Gut Microbiota Modulation","volume":"219","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, Y., Wang, Z., Cheng, W., Fan, H., Zheng, K., Zheng, Y., and Wu, L. (2025). Structure Characterization and Treatment Effect of Zingiber officinale Polysaccharide on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14050753"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12778","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Signaling Mechanism of 8-Shogaol and 10-Shogaol in a Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Mouse Model","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Yu, J., and Wong, C.C. (2024). Gastrointestinal Cancer Patient Derived Organoids at the Frontier of Personalized Medicine and Drug Screening. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13161312"},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"390","article-title":"8-Gingerol Regulates Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through the EGFR\/STAT\/ERK Pathway","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24470","article-title":"Nanosized Ginger-Derived Phenolic Zingerone Obstructs Cell Cycle G2\/M Progression and Initiates Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22206","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22206","article-title":"[6]-Gingerol-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest, Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, and Disruption of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Are Associated with Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer (AGS) Cells","volume":"32","author":"Mansingh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2024.25.11.3895","article-title":"Anticancer Properties of Garlic and Ginger Extract in Colon Cancer Cell Line","volume":"25","author":"Fayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"890","article-title":"Anti-Tumor Effects of PEGylated-Nanoliposomes Containing Ginger Extract in Colorectal Cancer-Bearing Mice","volume":"25","author":"Yavari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p12","DOI":"10.5539\/ijc.v5n3p12","article-title":"Structure-Based in Silico Study of 6-Gingerol, 6-Ghogaol, and 6-Paradol, Active Compounds of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) as COX-2 Inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Saptarini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0266-9","article-title":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Phytochemicals\u2014Gingerenone-A and Shogaol Inhibit SaHPPK: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations and In Vitro Approaches","volume":"17","author":"Rampogu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Beck, B.R., Kim, H.H., Lee, S., and Kang, K. (2022). A Brief Review of Machine Learning-Based Bioactive Compound Research. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12062906"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, X., Zhao, Y., Qi, Z., Hou, S., and Chen, J. (2024). Machine Learning Empowering Drug Discovery: Applications, Opportunities and Challenges. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040903"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.101291","article-title":"AI-Driven Bioactive Peptide Discovery of Next-Generation Metabolic Biotherapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Mamoudou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250822207996","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163819666220825141356","article-title":"Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Strategy to Decode Bioactive Ingredients and Molecular Mechanisms from Zingiber officinale as Phyto-Therapeutics against Neurological Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gollapalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2024.100749","article-title":"A Review on the Influence of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods on Health","volume":"5","author":"Vignesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3397","article-title":"Rapid Quality Assessment and Traceability of Ginger Powder from Northeast India and Indian Market Based on near Infrared Spectroscopic Fingerprinting","volume":"36","author":"Naskar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37796\/2211-8039.1603","article-title":"Integrating Natural Product Research Laboratory with Artificial Intelligence: Advancements and Breakthroughs in Traditional Medicine","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Wang, H., Zhu, Z., Yang, Y., Xiong, Y., Cui, X., and Liu, Y. (2025). Network Pharmacology-Driven Sustainability: AI and Multi-Omics Synergy for Drug Discovery in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071074"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Tan, K., Lao, A.R., Wang, H., Zheng, H., and Zhang, L. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence for Pharmacology Research. Front. Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1450529"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s44395-025-00007-3","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Kant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176997","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Gingerenone A through Modulation of Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways","volume":"983","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106773","article-title":"Biological Mechanisms, Pharmacological and Pathological Activities, and Quality Optimization of Gingerols and Shogaols","volume":"127","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101157","article-title":"The Integration of Machine Learning into Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-020-00232-9","article-title":"Identification of the Active Substances and Mechanisms of Ginger for the Treatment of Colon Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioData Min."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigby, S.P. (2024). Uses of Molecular Docking Simulations in Elucidating Synergistic, Additive, and\/or Multi-Target (SAM) Effects of Herbal Medicines. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225406"},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"e3718","article-title":"Docking-Based Virtual Screening Method to Selection of Natural Compounds with Synergistic Inhibitory Effects Against Cancer Signaling Pathways Using Multi-Target Approach","volume":"22","author":"Sardarpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Afzal, S., Wohlmuth, H., M\u00fcnch, G., Leach, D., Low, M., and Li, C.G. (2022). Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ginger and Turmeric Extracts in Inhibiting Lipopolysaccharide and Interferon-\u03b3-Induced Proinflammatory Mediators. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123877"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35161-0","article-title":"Dual Synergistic Inhibition of COX and LOX by Potential Chemicals from Indian Daily Spices Investigated through Detailed Computational Studies","volume":"13","author":"Rudrapal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swetha, M., Keerthana, C.K., Rayginia, T.P., and Anto, R.J. (2021). Cancer Chemoprevention: A Strategic Approach Using Phytochemicals. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.809308"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koirala, M., Yan, L., Mohamed, Z., and DiPaola, M. (2025). AI-Integrated QSAR Modeling for Enhanced Drug Discovery: From Classical Approaches to Deep Learning and Structural Insight. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199384"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08653-4","article-title":"ML Enhanced Bioactivity Prediction for Angiotensin II Receptor: A Potential Anti-Hypertensive Drug Target","volume":"15","author":"Sankar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, S., Yu, S., Zhang, J., and Zhang, J. (2023). 6-Shogaol as a Novel Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitor Induces Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in HeLa Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054966"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrei, C., Zanfirescu, A., Ni\u021bulescu, G.M., Olaru, O.T., and Negre\u0219, S. (2023). Natural Active Ingredients and TRPV1 Modulation: Focus on Key Chemical Moieties Involved in Ligand\u2013Target Interaction. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020339"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.70.e111049","article-title":"Molecular Docking Analysis of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Dopamine Compare to Bupropion as Smoking Cessation","volume":"70","author":"Alamsyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155500","article-title":"8-Shogaol Derived from Dietary Ginger Alleviated Acute and Inflammatory Pain by Targeting TRPV1","volume":"128","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.22146\/ijc.28172","article-title":"Molecular Docking Analysis of Ginger Active Compound on Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1 (TRPV1)","volume":"18","author":"Fajrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indones. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MO00158B","article-title":"Computational Approaches Leveraging Integrated Connections of Multi-Omic Data toward Clinical Applications","volume":"18","author":"Demirel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Omics"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitorino, R. (2024). Transforming Clinical Research: The Power of High-Throughput Omics Integration. Proteomes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes12030025"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonmat\u00ed, L.M., Miguel, A., Su\u00e1rez, A., Aznar, M., Beregi, J.P., Fournier, L., Neri, E., Laghi, A., Fran\u00e7a, M., and Sardanelli, F. (2022). CHAIMELEON Project: Creation of a Pan-European Repository of Health Imaging Data for the Development of AI-Powered Cancer Management Tools. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.742701"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qadri, Y.A., Shaikh, S., Ahmad, K., Choi, I., Kim, S.W., and Vasilakos, A.V. (2025). Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Perspective on Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091119"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S525171","article-title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Drug Research","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, S.-C., and Chang, Y.-H. (2018). Comparison of Inhibitory Capacities of 6-, 8- and 10-Gingerols\/Shogaols on the Canonical NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated IL-1\u03b2 Secretion. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020466"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154835","article-title":"Mechanism Exploration of 6-Gingerol in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Validation","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-025-01093-2","article-title":"A Comprehensive Landscape of AI Applications in Broad-Spectrum Drug Interaction Prediction: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Marzouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/7\/1079\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:14:50Z","timestamp":1775103290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/7\/1079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":240,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18071079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18071079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}