{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:14:00Z","timestamp":1785420840950,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cardiology Clinic of Physiotherapy Division from the Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland","award":["2F5\/PM2\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2F5\/PM2\/16"]}]},{"award":["2F5\/PM2\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2F5\/PM2\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04p2y4s44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center of Postgraduate Medical Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element with antioxidant properties; however, excessive exposure may contribute to inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Hair analysis provides an indicator of long-term Mn exposure. This study evaluated the relationship between hair Mn levels, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD) severity, and cardiovascular risk factors, with particular emphasis on metabolic status in a cardiometabolic population. Methods: Hair Mn concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in 80 patients (mean age 67 \u00b1 11 years; 28.8% women) undergoing coronary angiography for suspected ACS. Final diagnoses included stable CAD (N = 42) and ACS [ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) N = 17, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) N = 12, and unstable angina (UA) N = 9]. CAD severity was quantified using the SYNTAX score and the Coronary Artery Surgery Study Score (CASSS). Associations with clinical variables were assessed using non-parametric tests and Spearman correlations. The median SYNTAX score was 13.8 (range 0.0\u201368.5), and the median hair Mn concentration was 0.22 ppm (range 0.01\u20131.65). Results: SYNTAX scores were higher in ACS than in stable CAD (p = 0.027), with the highest values observed in NSTEMI. Hair Mn levels did not differ among diagnostic groups and showed no association with CASSS or SYNTAX (R = \u22120.11; p = 0.348). No differences were detected with respect to sex, smoking, prior myocardial infarction, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or type 2 diabetes. A modest inverse correlation was observed between hair Mn and body mass index (BMI) in unadjusted analysis (R = \u22120.25; p = 0.03), but this association was not robust after correction for multiple comparisons, suggesting a potential exploratory link between manganese homeostasis and cardiometabolic status. Conclusions: Although hair Mn concentration was not associated with angiographic indices of CAD severity or ACS subtypes, the observed relationship with BMI may indicate a role of Mn homeostasis in cardiometabolic regulation. Larger prospective studies are required to clarify these associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1774864644000},"page":"1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hair Manganese as a Marker of Cardiometabolic Status Rather than Coronary Artery Disease Severity\u2014An Exploratory Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina A.","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3772-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Czernicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mazur-Jax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1430-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Osiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Biela\u0144ski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub S.","family":"G\u0105sior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1682-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub Marek","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Biela\u0144ski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9390-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Biela\u0144ski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wac\u0142aw","family":"Kochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netala, V.R., Teertam, S.K., Li, H., and Zhang, Z. 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