{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:06:30Z","timestamp":1791439590085,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is a recognized but frequently under-integrated cause of global developmental delay (GDD) in infancy and early childhood. Early diagnosis is critical because neurological impairment may be partially or completely reversible with timely treatment. Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on the role of vitamin B12 deficiency in the diagnostic evaluation of GDD, with a focus on clinical phenotype, risk factors, biomarkers, treatment outcomes, and practical integration into contemporary diagnostic algorithms. Methods: A structured, non-systematic search of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science was performed to identify clinical studies, case series, reviews, and guideline documents addressing pediatric vitamin B12 deficiency and neurodevelopmental delay. Results: Vitamin B12 deficiency in early childhood is most commonly associated with maternal deficiency and exclusive breastfeeding without adequate supplementation. Evidence from recent clinical and observational studies indicates that vitamin B12 deficiency may present with nonspecific neurological symptoms, including developmental regression, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Incorporating vitamin B12 assessment\u2014using serum vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine\u2014into early diagnostic algorithms for GDD may facilitate timely identification of a treatable cause of neurodevelopmental impairment. The proposed diagnostic framework emphasizes early biochemical evaluation in infants with unexplained developmental delay, thereby supporting prompt treatment during a critical window of neurological reversibility. Conclusions: Targeted assessment of vitamin B12 status in children with GDD, together with evaluation of maternal status, represents a clinically relevant approach to identifying a potentially preventable and treatable cause of neurodevelopmental impairment. Integration of functional biomarkers into diagnostic pathways and the development of pediatric-specific reference standards are key priorities for future research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1774864644000},"page":"1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diagnostic Work-Up of Global Developmental Delay: A Treatable and Time-Sensitive Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rouzha","family":"Pancheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dzhogova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6885-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyubomir","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miglena","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galya","family":"Mihaylova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veselina","family":"Panayotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Publishing Department, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9241-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana A.","family":"Dobreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Publishing Department, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5010-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya","family":"Peycheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Publishing Department, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2937-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bistra","family":"Galunska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Publishing Department, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1209-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albena","family":"Merdzhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna \u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy093","article-title":"Evaluation of the Child with Global Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability","volume":"23","author":"Caron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/7\/1098\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:57:42Z","timestamp":1775059062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/7\/1098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18071098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18071098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]}}}