{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:35Z","timestamp":1785411395275,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Cancer Research Fund International","award":["IIG_2003_60"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIG_2003_60"]}]},{"award":["IIG_2003_60"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIG_2003_60"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02747h926","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Soy intake has been proposed as a protective factor for breast cancer, especially when exposure occurs early in life. Mammographic density (MD) is a strong predictor of breast cancer risk, but evidence linking soy intake at specific life stages to adult mammographic density remains limited. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between dietary soy intake at different life stages and MD in premenopausal Chinese women. Methods: Dietary soy intake was assessed using a validated soy food frequency questionnaire for the past 12 months and retrospectively for earlier life stages (childhood: 6\u201312 years; adolescence: 13\u201318 years; young adulthood: 20\u201334 years), with recall aided by a life history calendar. MD was measured from bilateral cranio-caudal mammograms using a standardized computer-assisted method. Multivariable regression models were used to evaluate associations between soy protein and isoflavone intake at different life stages and MD, adjusting for relevant confounders. Results: Among 815 premenopausal women (mean age 40.9 y), mean current soy protein and isoflavone intakes were 10.3 g\/day and 22.0 mg\/day, respectively. Soy intakes across life stages were moderately correlated (r = 0.33\u20130.81). After multivariable adjustment, soy protein intake during adolescence (\u03b2 = \u22120.067, SE = 0.029, p = 0.023) and childhood (\u03b2 = \u22120.071, SE = 0.032, p = 0.028) was significantly and inversely associated with adult MD. Young adult intake showed a non-significant inverse trend (\u03b2 = \u22120.052, p = 0.075), and current intake showed no association (p = 0.93). Higher mean early-life (ages 6\u201318) and life course soy intakes were also inversely associated with MD (\u03b2 range: \u22120.077 to \u22120.082; all p &lt; 0.05). Women with consistently high early-life soy intake had 5.8\u20136.6% lower adjusted MD than those with consistently low intake. Conclusions: Early-life soy exposure may influence adult breast tissue composition and represents a potentially modifiable protective factor in breast cancer prevention. These findings carry important public health implications, particularly for populations experiencing dietary westernization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:09:18Z","timestamp":1774944558000},"page":"1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lifetime Soy Intake and Adult Mammographic Density in Chinese Premenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5232-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman F.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Imaging Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0641-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson W. S.","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4962-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie C. W.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwina K. F.","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruby","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9776(96)90102-2","article-title":"Breast cancer: Weighing up the dietary evidence","volume":"5","author":"Cassidy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"HKBCF (Hong Kong Breast Cancer Foundation) (2006, February 03). 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