{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:19:10Z","timestamp":1794007150989,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin K (VK), traditionally recognized for its role in coagulation, is increasingly implicated in extrahepatic processes, including glucose metabolism and calcium regulation. A suboptimal VK status is common in the general population and may limit these functions, yet evidence linking VK to glucose metabolism and other endocrine axes remains heterogeneous and incompletely synthesized. This narrative review integrates mechanistic, observational, and interventional evidence to examine the role of VK across the endocrine system, with particular emphasis on glucose metabolism. Mechanistic studies indicate that VK supports pancreatic \u03b2-cell function, modulates peripheral insulin sensitivity, and facilitates proper calcium distribution. Observational studies consistently associate a higher VK status with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, while interventional studies suggest that VK supplementation may improve glucose metabolism, primarily in metabolically impaired populations. In bone and mineral metabolism, VK acts synergistically with calcitriol, with combined supplementation showing more consistent benefits in skeletal outcomes than either vitamin alone. Evidence for VK involvement in other endocrine axes, including reproductive and inflammatory pathways, remains limited and largely mechanistic. Overall, the available evidence supports a context-dependent role for VK in glucose metabolism, influenced by baseline nutritional and metabolic status and outcome selection, as well as a synergistic interaction with calcitriol and parathormone in calcium regulation. Future clinical studies should incorporate baseline VK status stratification, dynamic measures of insulin sensitivity, and adequately powered designs to clarify the therapeutic relevance of VK across endocrine and metabolic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18081183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:21:32Z","timestamp":1775737292000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin K as an Endocrine Modulator: Mechanistic Links to Glucose Metabolism and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Matuszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4793-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Madeksza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Szklarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Rutkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Maria","family":"Harazny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Indices in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2014Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"10","author":"Khatapoush","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00268-w","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Effects of Vitamin K on Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis: Its Potential Role in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Varsamis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629383","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4629383","article-title":"Vitamin K and Bone Metabolism: A Review of the Latest Evidence in Preclinical Studies","volume":"2018","author":"Akbari","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusaro, M., Cianciolo, G., Brandi, M.L., Ferrari, S., Nickolas, T.L., Tripepi, G., Plebani, M., Zaninotto, M., Iervasi, G., and La Manna, G. (2020). Vitamin K and Osteoporosis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123625"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Ye, D., Zhao, K., Zhou, L., Wu, Y., and Ge, Q. (2025). Associations between Vitamin K and Systemic Immune and Inflammation Biomarkers: A Population-Based Study from the NHANES (2007\u20132020). Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1625209"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S445806","article-title":"Vitamin K: Infection, Inflammation, and Auto-Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shioi, A., Morioka, T., Shoji, T., and Emoto, M. (2020). The Inhibitory Roles of Vitamin K in Progression of Vascular Calcification. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020583"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313955","article-title":"Vitamin K Status, Supplementation and Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"105","author":"Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27930","article-title":"Vitamin K, an Example of Triage Theory: Is Micronutrient Inadequacy Linked to Diseases of Aging?","volume":"90","author":"McCann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.5329","article-title":"Vitamin K: The Effect on Health beyond Coagulation \u2013 an Overview","volume":"56","author":"Vermeer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u017amierczak-Bara\u0144ska, J., and Karwowski, B.T. (2022). Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage\u2014Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204219"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2015.0178","article-title":"Biological Systems of Vitamin K: A Plasma Nutriproteomics Study of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency in 500 Nepalese Children","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy082","article-title":"Guidelines for Vitamin K Prophylaxis in Newborns","volume":"23","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.30","article-title":"Vitamin K Prophylaxis for Prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Sankar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0472-7","article-title":"Low-Dose Vitamin K2 (MK-4) Supplementation for 12 Months Improves Bone Metabolism and Prevents Forearm Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Japanese Women","volume":"32","author":"Koitaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. BONE Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10718099","article-title":"Dietary Phylloquinone Intakes and Metabolic Syndrome in US Young Adults","volume":"28","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"436","article-title":"Correlations among Vitamin K Intake, Body Fat, Lipid Profile and Glucose Homeostasis in Adults and the Elderly","volume":"64","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.033498","article-title":"Dietary Phylloquinone Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly Subjects at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"96","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.09.022","article-title":"Vitamin K1 Inversely Correlates with Glycemia and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Positively Regulates SIRT1\/AMPK Pathway of Glucose Metabolism in Liver of T2D Mice and Hepatocytes Cultured in High Glucose","volume":"52","author":"Dihingia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0543","article-title":"Circulating Phylloquinone Concentrations and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"68","author":"Zwakenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2025.106970","article-title":"Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"177","author":"Nikpayam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112500","article-title":"Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylation Regulates Ca2+ Flux and Adaptation to Metabolic Stress in \u03b2 Cells","volume":"42","author":"Lacombe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H.-J., Shirakawa, H., Hirahara, K., Sone, H., Kamiyama, S., and Komai, M. (2019). Menaquinone-4 Amplified Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Isolated Mouse Pancreatic Islets and INS-1 Rat Insulinoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081995"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7908","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Alleviates Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle by Improving Mitochondrial Function via SIRT1 Signaling","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05022-3","article-title":"A Non-Canonical Vitamin K Cycle Is a Potent Ferroptosis Suppressor","volume":"608","author":"Mishima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Wei, C., Wang, X., Li, R., Xu, X., Zhang, Y., Geng, G., Dang, K., and Ming, Z. (2023). Vitamin K2 Supplementation Improves Impaired Glycemic Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity for Type 2 Diabetes through Gut Microbiome and Fecal Metabolites. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02880-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03215-8","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin K4 Supplementation on Insulin Resistance in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"62","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.34172\/PS.2022.30","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7) on the Leptin and Adiponectin Levels in Overweight\/Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"29","author":"Adeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02419-6","article-title":"Glycemic Control Improvement in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes with Vitamin K2 Supplementation: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"60","author":"Moslehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1837","article-title":"Beneficial Health Effects of Menaquinone-7 on Body Composition, Glycemic Indices, Lipid Profile, and Endocrine Markers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients","volume":"8","author":"Tarkesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S253014","article-title":"Effects of MK-7 Supplementation on Glycemic Status, Anthropometric Indices and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Karamzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.01.011","article-title":"Beneficial Role of Vitamin K Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity, Glucose Metabolism, and the Reduced Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Manna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H.-J., Komai, M., and Shirakawa, H. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Vitamin K Status on Glycemic Regulation and Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082485"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaseth, J.O., Finnes, T.E., Askim, M., and Alexander, J. (2024). The Importance of Vitamin K and the Combination of Vitamins K and D for Calcium Metabolism and Bone Health: A Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.0766.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab061","article-title":"the OEMONOM researchers and collaborators. Vitamin K\u2014Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Detection, Therapeutic Use, and Toxicity","volume":"80","author":"Carazo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halder, M., Petsophonsakul, P., Akbulut, A.C., Pavlic, A., Bohan, F., Anderson, E., Maresz, K., Kramann, R., and Schurgers, L. (2019). Vitamin K: Double Bonds beyond Coagulation Insights into Differences between Vitamin K1 and K2 in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040896"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbulut, A.C., Pavlic, A., Petsophonsakul, P., Halder, M., Maresz, K., Kramann, R., and Schurgers, L. (2020). Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061852"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab004","article-title":"Perspective: Evidence before Enthusiasm\u2014A Critical Review of the Potential Cardiovascular Benefits of Vitamin K","volume":"12","author":"Shea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simes, D.C., Viegas, C.S.B., Ara\u00fajo, N., and Marreiros, C. (2020). Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010138"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000054147","article-title":"Determination of Phylloquinone and Menaquinones in Food","volume":"30","author":"Schurgers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-03-0147","article-title":"Metabolism and Cell Biology of Vitamin K","volume":"100","author":"Shearer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferland, G., Doucet, I., and Mainville, D. (2016). Phylloquinone and Menaquinone-4 Tissue Distribution at Different Life Stages in Male and Female Sprague\u2013Dawley Rats Fed Different VK Levels Since Weaning or Subjected to a 40% Calorie Restriction since Adulthood. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030141"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.021","article-title":"Menadione Triggers Cell Death through ROS-Dependent Mechanisms Involving PARP Activation without Requiring Apoptosis","volume":"49","author":"Loor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)00085-C","article-title":"Toxicity of 2,3-Dialkyl-1,4-Naphthoquinones in Rats: Comparison with Cytotoxicity in Vitro","volume":"19","author":"Munday","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42S","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029618811109","article-title":"Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Factors That May Be Responsible for Both Bleeding and Thrombosis (FII, FVII, and FIX)","volume":"24","author":"Girolami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13788","article-title":"Lipid Specificity of the Membrane Binding Domain of Coagulation Factor X","volume":"15","author":"Muller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2008.01775.x","article-title":"Protein S Deficiency: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"14","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.3_suppl.26S","article-title":"The Protein C Pathway","volume":"124","author":"Esmon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616195","article-title":"Protein Z-Dependent Regulation of Coagulation","volume":"86","author":"Broze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061121-091348","article-title":"Osteocalcin: A Multifaceted Bone-Derived Hormone","volume":"43","author":"Karsenty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21633","article-title":"Periostin-like-factor in Osteogenesis","volume":"218","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03124-z","article-title":"Periosteum Contains Skeletal Stem Cells with High Bone Regenerative Potential Controlled by Periostin","volume":"9","author":"Julien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s002400000164","article-title":"The Reappraisal of Nephrocalcin\u2014Its Role in the Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth and Interaction with Divalent Metal Ions","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2014.44","article-title":"Vitamin K Dependent Proteins and the Role of Vitamin K2 in the Modulation of Vascular Calcification: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Naoum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9517.1000245","article-title":"Gla-Rich Protein (GRP): A New Player In The Burden Of Vascular Calcification","volume":"4","author":"Viegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200802325458","article-title":"Structure and Function of Inter-\u03b1-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chains","volume":"49","author":"Zhuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3023-z","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Inhibits Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification by Restoring the Gas6\/Axl\/Akt Anti-Apoptotic Pathway","volume":"433","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703195104","article-title":"Proline-Rich Gla Protein 2 Is a Cell-Surface Vitamin K-Dependent Protein That Binds to the Transcriptional Coactivator Yes-Associated Protein","volume":"104","author":"Kulman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.17.9058","article-title":"Primary Structure and Tissue Distribution of Two Novel Proline-Rich \u03b3-Carboxyglutamic Acid Proteins","volume":"94","author":"Kulman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1370","article-title":"Identification of Two Novel Transmembrane \u03b3-Carboxyglutamic Acid Proteins Expressed Broadly in Fetal and Adult Tissues","volume":"98","author":"Kulman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Gordeladze, J.O. (2017). Menaquinone-4 Enhances Steroidogenesis in Testis Derived Tumor Cells Via the Elevation of cAMP Level. Vitamin K2\u2014Vital for Health and Wellbeing, InTech. Available online: http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/vitamin-k2-vital-for-health-and-wellbeing\/menaquinone-4-enhances-steroidogenesis-in-testis-derived-tumor-cells-via-the-elevation-of-camp-level."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-07-0048","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Induces Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase A and Expression of Novel Target Genes in Osteoblastic Cells","volume":"39","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-158","article-title":"Menaquinone-4 Enhances Testosterone Production in Rats and Testis-Derived Tumor Cells","volume":"10","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20260","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Inhibits the Growth and Invasiveness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Protein Kinase A Activation","volume":"40","author":"Otsuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02550-2","article-title":"Novel Effect of Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) and Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) on Promoting Nerve Growth Factor-Mediated Neurite Outgrowth from PC12D Cells","volume":"323","author":"Tsang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staudinger, J.L., Mahroke, A., Patel, G., Dattel, C., and Reddy, S. (2024). Pregnane X Receptor Signaling Pathway and Vitamin K: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Human Health. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13080681"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azuma, K., and Inoue, S. (2019). Multiple Modes of Vitamin K Actions in Aging-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112844"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.07.002","article-title":"New Insights into Vitamin K Biology with Relevance to Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Welsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3028","article-title":"Vitamin K2 and Cotylenin A Synergistically Induce Monocytic Differentiation and Growth Arrest along with the Suppression of C-MYC Expression and Induction of Cyclin G2 Expression in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells","volume":"47","author":"Maniwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2304-4","article-title":"Involvement of Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor in the Growth Inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Vitamin K(2)","volume":"44","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, F., Yu, Y., Guan, R., Xu, Z., Liang, H., and Hong, L. (2016). Vitamin K2 Induces Mitochondria-Related Apoptosis in Human Bladder Cancer Cells via ROS and JNK\/P38 MAPK Signal Pathways. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161886"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa, D.-S., Bigman, G., and Rusu, M.E. (2021). The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040566"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"8926","article-title":"Research Progress on the Anticancer Effects of Vitamin K2 (Review)","volume":"15","author":"Xv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Shi, Y., Zhou, M., Chen, M., Ji, S., Liu, X., Zhou, M., Xia, R., Zheng, X., and Wang, W. (2024). Nutrient Vitamins Enabled Metabolic Regulation of Ferroptosis via Reactive Oxygen Species Biology. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1434088"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04416-w","article-title":"Vitamin K1 Inhibits Ferroptosis and Counteracts a Detrimental Effect of Phenprocoumon in Experimental Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"79","author":"Kolbrink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsugawa, N., and Shiraki, M. (2020). Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071909"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Willett, W.C. (2013). Nutritional Epidemiology, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.]. Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shea, M., and Booth, S. (2016). Concepts and Controversies in Evaluating Vitamin K Status in Population-Based Studies. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010008"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.06.021","article-title":"Dietary Phylloquinone Intake as a Potential Marker for a Heart-Healthy Dietary Pattern in the Framingham Offspring Cohort","volume":"104","author":"Braam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"489","article-title":"Validity of the Assessment of Dietary Intake: Problems of Misreporting","volume":"5","author":"Westerterp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.001834","article-title":"Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylation of Osteocalcin: Friend or Foe?","volume":"3","author":"Gundberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.201","article-title":"The Role of Osteocalcin in Human Glucose Metabolism: Marker or Mediator?","volume":"9","author":"Booth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E711","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00294.2024","article-title":"Metabolic Shifts in Ratio of ucOcn to cOcn toward Bone Resorption Contribute to Age-Dependent Bone Loss in Male Mice","volume":"327","author":"Bernhard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2023.1895","article-title":"Osteocalcin: Beyond Bones","volume":"39","author":"Nowicki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000245793.83158.06","article-title":"Matrix Gla Protein Is Associated With Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis but Not With Coronary Artery Calcification","volume":"26","author":"Shea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, S.L., and Rajabi, A.A. (2008). Determinants of Vitamin K Status in Humans. Vitamins & Hormones, Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0083672907000015.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(07)00001-5"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0073","article-title":"Impact of Stopping Vitamin K Antagonist Therapy on Concentrations of Dephospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein","volume":"53","author":"Delanaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.154807","article-title":"Age Group and Sex Do Not Influence Responses of Vitamin K Biomarkers to Changes in Dietary Vitamin K","volume":"142","author":"Truong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70431","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70431","article-title":"Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Dupuy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.093146","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Circulating Phylloquinone Concentrations","volume":"100","author":"Dashti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13217","article-title":"Structural and Functional Insights into Enzymes of the Vitamin K Cycle","volume":"14","author":"Tie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1021\/bi401208m","article-title":"Cytochrome P450-Dependent Catabolism of Vitamin K: \u03c9-Hydroxylation Catalyzed by Human CYP4F2 and CYP4F11","volume":"52","author":"Edson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.154278","article-title":"Circulating Phylloquinone Concentrations of Adults in the United States Differ According to Race and Ethnicity","volume":"142","author":"Shea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.02.019","article-title":"Plasma Vitamin K Concentrations Depend on CYP4F2 Polymorphism and Influence on Anticoagulation in Japanese Patients with Warfarin Therapy","volume":"135","author":"Hirai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.55.112","article-title":"Association of Sequence Variations in Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase and \u03b3-Glutamyl Carboxylase Genes with Biochemical Measures of Vitamin K Status","volume":"55","author":"Crosier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111627","article-title":"Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Concentrations and Incident Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Rural Chinese Adults: New Insight on Ceiling Effect","volume":"99\u2013100","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00593-z","article-title":"The Health Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation: Evidence from Human Studies","volume":"18","author":"Bouillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.383","article-title":"A Potential Design Flaw of Randomized Trials of Vitamin Supplements","volume":"305","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab017","article-title":"Vitamin K Supplementation and Arterial Calcification in Dialysis: Results of the Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled RenaKvit Trial","volume":"14","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoun, M., Makki, M., Azar, H., Matta, H., and Chelala, D.N. (2017). High Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated MGP in Hemodialysis Patients: Risk Factors and Response to Vitamin K2, A Pre-Post Intervention Clinical Trial. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0609-3"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514001913","article-title":"Effect of Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) Supplementation for 12 Months on the Indices of Vitamin K Status and Bone Health in Adult Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"112","author":"Grealy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Menaquinone-7 (Vitamin K2) on Vascular Elasticity in Healthy Subjects: Results from a One-Year Study","volume":"5","author":"Vermeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.146","article-title":"Vitamin K-Induced Effects on Body Fat and Weight: Results from a 3-Year Vitamin K2 Intervention Study","volume":"72","author":"Knapen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.094771","article-title":"Vitamin K in Hand Osteoarthritis: Results from a Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"67","author":"Neogi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0175-8","article-title":"Impact of Menaquinone-4 Supplementation on Coronary Artery Calcification and Arterial Stiffness: An Open Label Single Arm Study","volume":"15","author":"Ikari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.12.007","article-title":"Friend and Foe: \u03b2-Cell Ca2+ Signaling and the Development of Diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Sabatini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2014.09.001","article-title":"Calcium Signaling in Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells in Health and in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Gilon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqz028","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqz028","article-title":"The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Calcium Homeostasis in Pancreatic Beta Cells","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1351","article-title":"Impaired Store-Operated Calcium Entry and STIM1 Loss Lead to Reduced Insulin Secretion and Increased Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Diabetic \u03b2-Cell","volume":"67","author":"Kono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30530","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.682583","article-title":"Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry Mediated by Orai1 and TRPC1 Participates to Insulin Secretion in Rat \u03b2-Cells","volume":"290","author":"Sabourin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1334","article-title":"Sorcin Links Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Lipotoxicity to ER Ca2+ Stores","volume":"65","author":"Marmugi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012721","article-title":"ER Stress Increases Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry (SOCE) and Augments Basal Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta Cells","volume":"295","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154068","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154068","article-title":"\u03b2 Cell Function and Plasma Insulin Clearance in People with Obesity and Different Glycemic Status","volume":"132","author":"Mittendorfer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129188","article-title":"\u03b2 Cell Dysfunction during Progression of Metabolic Syndrome to Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"129","author":"Hudish","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sto\u017eer, A., Paradi\u017e Leitgeb, E., Pohorec, V., Dolen\u0161ek, J., Kri\u017ean\u010di\u0107 Bombek, L., Gosak, M., and Skelin Klemen, M. (2021). The Role of cAMP in Beta Cell Stimulus\u2013Secretion and Intercellular Coupling. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0137.v1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1394","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Response to Increased Metabolic Demand and to Pharmacologic Secretagogues Requires EPAC2A","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.1.5","article-title":"Epac: A New cAMP-Binding Protein in Support of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction in the Pancreatic Beta-Cell","volume":"53","author":"Holz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46046","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108378200","article-title":"Critical Role of cAMP-GEFII\u00b7Rim2 Complex in Incretin-Potentiated Insulin Secretion","volume":"276","author":"Kashima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00482-9","article-title":"The Incretin Effect in Healthy Individuals and Those with Type 2 Diabetes: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Response to Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"4","author":"Nauck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2435","article-title":"Impaired Regulation of the Incretin Effect in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"96","author":"Bagger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01491K","article-title":"Prophylactic Role of Vitamin K Supplementation on Vascular Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating the NF-\u03baB\/Nrf2 Pathway via Activating Gla Proteins","volume":"9","author":"Dihingia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJPhysPathophys.v3.i1.90","article-title":"Matrix Gla-Protein and Its Role in Vascular Calcification","volume":"3","author":"Garbuzova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180716104159","article-title":"The Role of Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) in Vascular Calcification","volume":"27","author":"Svanberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.08.034","article-title":"Vascular Calcification: From Pathophysiology to Biomarkers","volume":"438","author":"Evrard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, H., O\u2019Keeffe, M., Kavanagh, E., Walsh, M., and O\u2019Connor, E. (2018). Is Matrix Gla Protein Associated with Vascular Calcification? A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040415"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051741","article-title":"Key Pathways and Regulators of Vitamin K Function and Intermediary Metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Shearer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112103","article-title":"TAM Receptor Signaling in Immune Homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Rothlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-09-528752","article-title":"TAM Receptors, Gas6, and Protein S: Roles in Inflammation and Hemostasis","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G899","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00382.2015","article-title":"TAM Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Function and the Immunopathology of Liver Disease","volume":"310","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist, S.E., Goudarzi, S., and Hafizi, S. (2020). Gas6 Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammatory Pathways in Mouse Microglia via Axl and Mer. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14, Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fncel.2020.576650\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.576650"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzi, M., Tonello, S., D\u2019Onghia, D., and Sainaghi, P.P. (2023). Gas6\/TAM Axis Involvement in Modulating Inflammation and Fibrosis in COVID-19 Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24020951"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassar, M., Tabib, Y., Capucha, T., Mizraji, G., Nir, T., Saba, F., Salameh, R., Eli-Berchoer, L., Wilensky, A., and Burstyn-Cohen, T. (2018). Multiple Regulatory Levels of Growth Arrest-Specific 6 in Mucosal Immunity Against an Oral Pathogen. Front. Immunol., 9, Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01374\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01374"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.09.011","article-title":"Vitamin K Suppresses the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in Cultured Macrophage-like Cells via the Inhibition of the Activation of Nuclear Factor \u03baB through the Repression of IKK\u03b1\/\u03b2 Phosphorylation","volume":"21","author":"Ohsaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2308","article-title":"Menatetrenone, a Vitamin K2 Analogue, Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth by Suppressing Cyclin D1 Expression through Inhibition of Nuclear Factor \u03baB Activation","volume":"13","author":"Ozaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieronska-Rudek, A., Kij, A., Kaczara, P., Tworzydlo, A., Napiorkowski, M., Sidoryk, K., and Chlopicki, S. (2021). Exogenous Vitamins K Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects Dissociated from Their Role as Substrates for Synthesis of Endogenous MK-4 in Murine Macrophages Cell Line. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071571"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22029","article-title":"Vitamin K Prevents Oxidative Cell Death by Inhibiting Activation of 12-lipoxygenase in Developing Oligodendrocytes","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sherbiny, M., Atef, H., Helal, G.M., Al-Serwi, R.H., Elkattawy, H.A., Shaker, G.A., Said, E., Abulfaraj, M., Albalawi, M.A., and Elsherbiny, N.M. (2022). Vitamin K2 (MK-7) Intercepts Keap-1\/Nrf-2\/HO-1 Pathway and Hinders Inflammatory\/Apoptotic Signaling and Liver Aging in Naturally Aging Rat. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112150"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloufi, A.M., Aldobikhi, Y.A., Binhudayb, N.A., AlTorkai, R.H.A., El-Sherbiny, M., Elkattawy, H.A., Eladl, M.A., El-Shafey, M., Hadhod, S., and Elsherbiny, N. (2022). Vitamin K2 (MK-7) Modulated Nrf2\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 Axis to Protect against Age-related Structural and Cognitive Deterioration in Naturally Aged Rats. FASEB J., 36, Available online: https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R3319.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R3319"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00545-z","article-title":"Synthetic Vitamin K Analogs Inhibit Inflammation by Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.05.012","article-title":"Vitamin K1 Alleviates Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes by Mitigating Free Radical Stress, as Well as Inhibiting NF-\u03baB Activation and iNOS Expression in Rat Pancreas","volume":"31","author":"Varsha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Y., Masatoshi, H., Ma, Y., Guo, Y., and Zhang, B. (2022). Role of Vitamin K in Intestinal Health. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.791565"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(15)32447-1","article-title":"Mo1817 Warfarin Induces Intestinal Dysbiosis Involving Vitamin K-Expressing Bacteria","volume":"148","author":"Quarta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887721","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1887721","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin K Is Remodeled by Gut Microbiota and Influences Community Composition","volume":"13","author":"Ellis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900150","article-title":"Dietary Modification of Potential Vitamin K Supply from Enteric Bacterial Menaquinones in Rats","volume":"63","author":"Mathers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0168","article-title":"Butyrate-Producing Bacteria and Insulin Homeostasis: The Microbiome and Insulin Longitudinal Evaluation Study (MILES)","volume":"71","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.12.003","article-title":"Butyrate in Energy Metabolism: There Is Still More to Learn","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielka, W., Przezak, A., and Pawlik, A. (2022). The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010480"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portincasa, P., Bonfrate, L., Vacca, M., De Angelis, M., Farella, I., Lanza, E., Khalil, M., Wang, D.Q.-H., Sperandio, M., and Di Ciaula, A. (2022). Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031105"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, T., and Tremaroli, V. (2021). Therapeutic Potential of Butyrate for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.761834"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A Metagenome-Wide Association Study of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser, S.C., and Van Der Eerden, B.C.J. (2019). Osteocalcin\u2014A Versatile Bone-Derived Hormone. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00794"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i18.1345","article-title":"Osteocalcin as a Hormone Regulating Glucose Metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0058-x","article-title":"Association of Serum Total Osteocalcin with Type 2 Diabetes and Intermediate Metabolic Phenotypes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Evidence","volume":"30","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.05.022","article-title":"Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Skeleton: Osteocalcin and Beyond","volume":"561","author":"Ferron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00812-6","article-title":"Osteocalcin and Measures of Adiposity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3197-8","article-title":"Association between Osteocalcin and Glucose Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28151","article-title":"\u03b3-Carboxylation of Osteocalcin and Insulin Resistance in Older Men and Women","volume":"90","author":"Shea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1045","article-title":"The Uncarboxylated Form of Osteocalcin Is Associated with Improved Glucose Tolerance and Enhanced \u0392-cell Function in Middle-aged Male Subjects","volume":"25","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-010-0211-2","article-title":"Serum Concentrations of Carboxylated Osteocalcin Are Increased and Associated with Several Components of the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Livadas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2472","article-title":"Reduced Serum Concentrations of Carboxylated and Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Are Associated With Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a High Cardiovascular Risk Population: A Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"98","author":"Estruch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13110.OR","article-title":"Osteocalcin Levels on Oral Glucose Load in Women Being Investigated for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Schwetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1092","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2731","article-title":"Lower Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin Concentrations in Children with Prediabetes Is Associated with \u03b2-Cell Function","volume":"96","author":"Pollock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100626X","article-title":"Association of Vitamin K Status with Adiponectin and Body Composition in Healthy Subjects: Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin Is Not Associated with Fat Mass and Body Weight","volume":"108","author":"Knapen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.108","article-title":"Association of Osteocalcin With Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Adults","volume":"20","author":"Polgreen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-024-02418-8","article-title":"Current Knowledge of Bone-Derived Factor Osteocalcin: Its Role in the Management and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, Osteoporosis, Osteopetrosis and Inflammatory Joint Diseases","volume":"102","author":"Martiniakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.153","article-title":"Mechanisms of Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Bone Fragility","volume":"13","author":"Napoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0652","article-title":"Mechanisms in Endocrinology: Diabetes Mellitus, a State of Low Bone Turnover\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"176","author":"Hygum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2017.01.001","article-title":"Osteocalcin: The Extra-Skeletal Role of a Vitamin K-Dependent Protein in Glucose Metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Durack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.1312.BJR-2024-0053.R1","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin K Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density at Different Sites and Bone Metabolism in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Population","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2302","article-title":"Dietary Phylloquinone and Menaquinones Intakes and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Beulens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01263-0","article-title":"Treatment with Direct Oral Anticoagulants or Warfarin and the Risk for Incident Diabetes among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-based Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Feng, S., Chen, Z., Zhou, Y., Yin, K., Xue, Z., and Zhu, W. (2022). Is the Risk of Diabetes Lower in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Direct Oral Anticoagulant Compared to Warfarin?. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.874795"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-100616","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"50","author":"Shahdadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Centi, A.J. (2015). Association of Vitamin K with Insulin Resistance and Body Composition. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tufts University]."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.30108","article-title":"Effect of Phylloquinone Supplementation on Glucose Homeostasis in Humans","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-08-0675","article-title":"Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Improves Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"113","author":"Knapen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S137571","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Suksomboon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.1.210","article-title":"Phylloquinone Intake, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glycemic Status in Men and Women","volume":"88","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0551","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity via Osteocalcin Metabolism: A Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.2000.0102","article-title":"Possible Effects of One Week Vitamin K (Menaquinone-4) Tablets Intake on Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Young Male Volunteers with Different Descarboxy Prothrombin Levels","volume":"19","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.17","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin K1 Supplementation on Sensitivity and Insulin Resistance via Osteocalcin in Prediabetic Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"69","author":"Rasekhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104530","article-title":"The Effects of Calcium, Vitamins D and K Co-Supplementation on Markers of Insulin Metabolism and Lipid Profiles in Vitamin D-Deficient Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Karamali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516001847","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D, K and Calcium Co-Supplementation on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Metabolic Status in Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Patients with CHD","volume":"116","author":"Asemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"37","article-title":"Relationship between Acute Insulin Response and Vitamin K Intake in Healthy Young Male Volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.146874","article-title":"Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity\/Resistance","volume":"19","author":"Gutch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.11.3252","article-title":"Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Incident Cardiovascular Events in the Framingham Offspring Study","volume":"54","author":"Rutter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.118380","article-title":"Adulthood Obesity Is Positively Associated with Adipose Tissue Concentrations of Vitamin K and Inversely Associated with Circulating Indicators of Vitamin K Status in Men and Women","volume":"140","author":"Shea","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0194","article-title":"Overweight-Obesity Is Associated with Decreased Vitamin K2 Levels in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"59","author":"Ravera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4449","article-title":"Association Between Vitamin K and the Metabolic Syndrome: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study in Adults","volume":"100","author":"Dam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm306","article-title":"Vitamin K and Vitamin D Status: Associations with Inflammatory Markers in the Framingham Offspring Study","volume":"167","author":"Shea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.139634","article-title":"Circulating Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein Is Associated with Vitamin K Nutritional Status, but Not Coronary Artery Calcium, in Older Adults","volume":"141","author":"Shea","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i32.4866","article-title":"Inactive Matrix Gla Protein Is Elevated in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Brnic","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumeliotis, S., Roumeliotis, A., Stamou, A., Leivaditis, K., Kantartzi, K., Panagoutsos, S., and Liakopoulos, V. (2020). The Association of Dp-ucMGP with Cardiovascular Morbidity and Decreased Renal Function in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176035"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweighofer, N., Colantonio, C., Haudum, C.W., Hutz, B., Kolesnik, E., Schmidt, A., Zirlik, A., Pieber, T.R., Verheyen, N., and Obermayer-Pietsch, B. (2022). Is MGP an Inflammatory Marker?. Endocrine Abstracts, Bioscientifica. Available online: http:\/\/www.endocrine-abstracts.org\/ea\/0081\/ea0081EP368.htm.","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.81.EP368"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04614A","article-title":"The Association between Vitamin K Intake and Dyslipidemia in US Adults: The Mediating Effect of Insulin Resistance","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106581","article-title":"Vitamin K2-MK-7 Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Endothelial Function in ApoE\/LDLR\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"122\u2013123","author":"Bar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.109867","article-title":"Low Phylloquinone Intake Deteriorates Endothelial Function in Normolipidemic and Dyslipidaemic Mice","volume":"140","author":"Kij","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01225-w","article-title":"Phylloquinone Improves Endothelial Function, Inhibits Cellular Senescence, and Vascular Inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Kij","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.20883\/medical.402","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Anthropometric Parameters and Adipokine Levels \u2013 a Systematic Review: Vitamin K and Anthropometric Parameters","volume":"88","author":"Jamka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-022-00192-5","article-title":"The Effect of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Dp-ucMGP, PIVKAII, Inflammatory Markers, and Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"12","author":"Karamzad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2018.07.003","article-title":"Physiology of Parathyroid Hormone","volume":"47","author":"Goltzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-012-0098-z","article-title":"Vitamin D and Bone","volume":"10","author":"Bikle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2022). Vitamin D and Its Target Genes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071354"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giustina, A., and Bilezikian, J.P. (2018). Physiology of the Calcium-Parathyroid Hormone-Vitamin D Axis. Frontiers of Hormone Research, S. Karger AG.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-06339-4"},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"38","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Matrix Gla Protein","volume":"90","author":"Weissberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Kardiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45821-8","article-title":"The Vitamin D-Responsive Element in the Human Osteocalcin Gene. Association with a Nuclear Proto-Oncogene Enhancer","volume":"265","author":"Ozono","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Peppel, J., and van Leeuwen, J.P. (2014). Vitamin D and Gene Networks in Human Osteoblasts. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00137"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22124","article-title":"SP Proteins and RUNX2 Mediate Regulation of Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) Expression by Parathyroid Hormone","volume":"107","author":"Suttamanatwong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21314","article-title":"Regulation of Matrix Gla Protein by Parathyroid Hormone in MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast-like Cells Involves Protein Kinase A and Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Pathways","volume":"102","author":"Suttamanatwong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1573","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone Increases Activating Transcription Factor 4 Expression and Activity in Osteoblasts: Requirement for Osteocalcin Gene Expression","volume":"149","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2020.05.004","article-title":"What Is the Function of Osteocalcin?","volume":"62","author":"Komori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriishi, T., Ozasa, R., Ishimoto, T., Nakano, T., Hasegawa, T., Miyazaki, T., Liu, W., Fukuyama, R., Wang, Y., and Komori, H. (2020). Osteocalcin Is Necessary for the Alignment of Apatite Crystallites, but Not Glucose Metabolism, Testosterone Synthesis, or Muscle Mass. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008586"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1760339","article-title":"Vitamin K Stimulates Osteoblastogenesis and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in Human Bone Marrow Cell Culture","volume":"176","author":"Koshihara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muszy\u0144ska, M., Ambro\u017cewicz, E., G\u0119gotek, A., Grynkiewicz, G., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2020). Protective Effects of Vitamin K Compounds on the Proteomic Profile of Osteoblasts under Oxidative Stress Conditions. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081990"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-04949-0","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"30","author":"Mott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1201","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin K Intakes Are Associated with Hip Fracture but Not with Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Men and Women","volume":"71","author":"Booth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1917789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789","article-title":"Vitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac068","article-title":"Effect of Supplemental Vitamin D3 on Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Kazemian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11889","article-title":"Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Volumetric Bone Density and Bone Strength: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Burt","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1374","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Risk of Fractures and Falls According to Dosage and Interval: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO03063H","article-title":"The Combination Effect of Vitamin K and Vitamin D on Human Bone Quality: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","author":"Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, M.E., Bigman, G., Ryan, A.S., and Popa, D.-S. (2024). Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142356"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2371-1642","article-title":"Efficacy of Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone 1\u201334 and Vitamin K2 Combination Therapy in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.04.005","article-title":"Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylation of Osteocalcin Affects the Efficacy of Teriparatide (PTH1\u201334) for Skeletal Repair","volume":"64","author":"Shimizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.431","article-title":"Effects of the Combination of Vitamin K and Teriparatide on the Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats","volume":"3","author":"Nagura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, T., Yang, Y., and Yang, W.-X. (2025). Luteinizing Hormone Regulates Testosterone Production, Leydig Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Circadian Rhythm During Spermatogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083548"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0532","article-title":"Multiple Signaling Pathways Regulating Steroidogenesis and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression: More Complicated than We Thought","volume":"19","author":"Stocco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2006.05.008","article-title":"Vitamin K Deficiency Reduces Testosterone Production in the Testis through Down-Regulation of the Cyp11a a Cholesterol Side Chain Cleavage Enzyme in Rats","volume":"1760","author":"Shirakawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta \u2014Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murakami, R., Ohsaki, Y., Ito, H., Ho, H.-J., Agista, A.Z., Chiang, Y.-F., Chen, Y.-L., Maekawa, M., Hirose, T., and Hara, K. (2026). Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Testosterone Production in a Rat Model of Late-Onset Hypogonadism. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15061070"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1039\/c1fo10058k","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin K Alleviates the Reduction in Testosterone Production Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Administration in Rat Testis","volume":"2","author":"Takumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00095.x","article-title":"Osteocalcin Is Not a Strong Determinant of Serum Testosterone and Sperm Count in Men from Infertile Couples","volume":"1","author":"Schwetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2017-7","article-title":"Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Is Positively Associated with Free Testosterone in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Chen, P., Guo, J., Wang, S., Bao, Y., Zhang, Y., and Yu, K. (2024). Dietary Vitamin K Intake in Relation to Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1378853"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.07.018","article-title":"Serum Osteocalcin Is Associated with Improved Metabolic State via Adiponectin in Females versus Testosterone in Males. Gender Specific Nature of the Bone\u2013Energy Homeostasis Axis","volume":"57","author":"Buday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1805","article-title":"Role of Metabolic Factors in the Association Between Osteocalcin and Testosterone in Chinese Men","volume":"98","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107944","article-title":"Positive Correlation between Serum Osteocalcin and Testosterone in Male Hyperthyroidism Patients with High Bone Turnover","volume":"124","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2012.00044.x","article-title":"Osteocalcin Is Associated with Testosterone in the General Population and Selected Patients with Bone Disorders","volume":"1","author":"Hannemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Total Osteocalcin in Serum Predicts Testosterone Level in Male Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.004","article-title":"Endocrine Regulation of Male Fertility by the Skeleton","volume":"144","author":"Oury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041760","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1041760","article-title":"Effects of Osteocalcin on Synthesis of Testosterone and INSL3 during Adult Leydig Cell Differentiation","volume":"2019","author":"Coskun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.01.025","article-title":"Two Enzymes Catalyze Vitamin K 2,3-Epoxide Reductase Activity in Mouse: VKORC1 Is Highly Expressed in Exocrine Tissues While VKORC1L1 Is Highly Expressed in Brain","volume":"135","author":"Caspers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112030","article-title":"Salt-Inducible Kinases Regulate Androgen Synthesis in Theca Cells by Enhancing CREB Signaling","volume":"577","author":"Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_243","first-page":"E2979","article-title":"PKA and GAB2 Play Central Roles in the FSH Signaling Pathway to PI3K and AKT in Ovarian Granulosa Cells","volume":"109","author":"Law","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqab015","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab015","article-title":"PKA and AMPK Signaling Pathways Differentially Regulate Luteal Steroidogenesis","volume":"162","author":"Przygrodzka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349196","article-title":"Association of Serum Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin with Serum Estradiol in Pre-, Peri- and Early Post-Menopausal Women","volume":"29","author":"Yasui","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031673","article-title":"Associations between Vitamin K Biochemical Measures and Bone Mineral Density in Men and Women","volume":"89","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090050147709","article-title":"Concentrations of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Correlate with Alkaline Phosphatase and a Marker for Vitamin K Status in the Perimenopause","volume":"9","author":"Lukacs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Womens Health Gend. Based Med."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000177908.40257.cf","article-title":"Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Concentration in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Hormone Therapy Daily and on Alternate Days","volume":"13","author":"Yasui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.12.020","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Binds 17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 4 and Modulates Estrogen Metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Otsuka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0288","article-title":"GLP-1 Signaling Is Required for Improvement of Glucose Tolerance by Osteocalcin","volume":"244","author":"Mizokami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"21","article-title":"Hormones of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Are Significant Regulators of Synthesis and Secretion of Vitamin K-Dependent Plasma Coagulation Factors","volume":"25","author":"Negrev","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100125","article-title":"Effects of the Hormones of the Thyroid Axis on the Vitamin K-Dependent Plasma Factors of Blood Coagulation (II, VII, IX and X)","volume":"21","author":"Negrev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_253","first-page":"43","article-title":"Problems of Anticoagulation with Warfarin in Hyperthyroidism","volume":"58","author":"Kellett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0670","article-title":"Pharmacology and Management of the Vitamin K Antagonists","volume":"133","author":"Ansell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198912000-00035","article-title":"Hypothyroidism: Effect on Warfarin Anticoagulation","volume":"82","author":"Stephens","year":"1989","journal-title":"S. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_256","first-page":"292468","article-title":"Graves\u2019 Disease and Treatment Effects on Warfarin Anticoagulation","volume":"2014","author":"Luckey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/382448a0","article-title":"Increased Bone Formation in Osteocalcin-Deficient Mice","volume":"382","author":"Ducy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diegel, C.R., Hann, S., Ayturk, U.M., Hu, J.C.W., Lim, K., Droscha, C.J., Madaj, Z.B., Foxa, G.E., Izaguirre, I., and Transgenics Core, V.V.A. (2020). An Osteocalcin-Deficient Mouse Strain without Endocrine Abnormalities. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008361"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a031666","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031666","article-title":"Regulation of Energy Metabolism by Bone-Derived Hormones","volume":"8","author":"Mera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.047","article-title":"Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Skeleton","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201409111","article-title":"GGCX and VKORC1 Inhibit Osteocalcin Endocrine Functions","volume":"208","author":"Ferron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711119105","article-title":"Osteocalcin Differentially Regulates \u03b2 Cell and Adipocyte Gene Expression and Affects the Development of Metabolic Diseases in Wild-Type Mice","volume":"105","author":"Ferron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14238","article-title":"Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylated Gas6 Mediates Positive Role of Vitamin K on Lowering Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"1462","author":"Dihingia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00404-20","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00404-20","article-title":"Vitamin K-Dependent \u03b3-Glutamyl Carboxylase in Sertoli Cells Is Essential for Male Fertility in Mice","volume":"41","author":"Shiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, H., Chen, Y., Xing, J., Zhang, N., and Xu, L. (2024). Systematic Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation and Intrinsic Mechanisms in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1470283"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orisaka, M., Mizutani, T., Miyazaki, Y., Shirafuji, A., Tamamura, C., Fujita, M., Tsuyoshi, H., and Yoshida, Y. (2023). Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Ovarian Dysfunction in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Endometriosis, and Aging. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1324429"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","article-title":"Hashimotos\u2019 Thyroiditis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinic and Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Ragusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03338.x","article-title":"The Incidence of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"69","author":"McGrogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4111622","article-title":"Lipophilic Micronutrients and Adipose Tissue Biology","volume":"4","author":"Landrier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01103-8","article-title":"Adipokines: Masterminds of Metabolic Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Tilg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00106.x","article-title":"Update on the Role of Vitamin K in Skeletal Health: Nutrition Reviews","volume":"66","author":"Shea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlBlooshi, S. (2025). Vitamin K and Women\u2019s Health: A Review. Front. Glob. Womens Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1590414"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2025.12.001","article-title":"Dietary Vitamins A and K Are Inversely Associated with Visceral Adiposity in US Adults: NHANES 2011\u20132018","volume":"146","author":"Villa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248179","article-title":"Vegetables and Mixed Dishes Are Top Contributors to Phylloquinone Intake in US Adults: Data from the 2011\u20132012 NHANES","volume":"147","author":"Harshman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab133","article-title":"Vitamin K","volume":"13","author":"Shea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2989","article-title":"Reducing Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin With Vitamin K Supplementation Does Not Promote Lean Tissue Loss or Fat Gain Over 3 Years in Older Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"32","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.55.15","article-title":"Effect of Low Dose Vitamin K2 (MK-4) Supplementation on Bio-Indices in Postmenopausal Japanese Women","volume":"55","author":"Koitaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00884-8","article-title":"Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7) Increases Plasma Adiponectin but Does Not Affect Insulin Sensitivity in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"75","author":"Pedersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.019","article-title":"The Effect of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Circulating Species of Matrix Gla Protein","volume":"225","author":"Dalmeijer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2023.106","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-008-0737-4","article-title":"Six Weeks Phylloquinone Supplementation Produces Undesirable Effects on Blood Lipids with No Changes in Inflammatory and Fibrinolytic Markers in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"47","author":"Kristensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1204","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Insulin Resistance in Older Men and Women","volume":"31","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13723","article-title":"Hypogonadism and Male Obesity: Focus on Unresolved Questions","volume":"89","author":"Grossmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.11.016","article-title":"Epidemiology of Male Hypogonadism","volume":"51","author":"Thirumalai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901397","article-title":"Male Hypogonadism. Part I: Epidemiology of Hypogonadism","volume":"18","author":"Seftel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2018.10.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of Diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Forouhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_287","first-page":"105","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Osteoporosis","volume":"133","author":"Clynes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Lee, I.-K., and Jeon, J.-H. (2020). Vascular Calcification\u2014New Insights into Its Mechanism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082685"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/8\/1183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:32:48Z","timestamp":1775737968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/8\/1183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":288,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18081183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18081183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}