{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:13:28Z","timestamp":1793747608264,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003163","name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003163","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02nv7yv05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Creatine is a supplement that, beyond its physiological effects, has been shown to have positive effects on cognitive abilities. In our previous study, we showed that a single dose of 0.35 g\/kg creatine induces changes in brain metabolism during sleep deprivation and reduces deterioration in cognitive performance. The present study investigates whether supplementation of a lower dose is associated with cognitive effects during sleep deprivation, focusing exclusively on cognitive performance outcomes. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy subjects performed cognitive tests at the evening baseline and 3, 5.5, and 7.5 h after receiving a single dose of creatine monohydrate (0.2 g\/kg) or a placebo during a total of 21 h of sleep deprivation (SD). Results: The results show a mitigating effect of creatine on sleep deprivation-induced deterioration in logical and numerical tasks, language-related processing speed, and the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT). Compared to males, females benefit more in logic, PVT and processing speed in language and logic tasks. Conclusions: Our results show that a dose of 0.2 g\/kg creatine is associated with a reduced deterioration in cognitive performance during sleep deprivation. Although the effect is less pronounced than with a high dose of 0.35 g\/kg, there is still an improvement of up to 12%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18081192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1775812092000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single-Dose Creatine Reduces Sleep Deprivation-Induced Deterioration in Cognitive Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Gordji-Nejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Matusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Hengstler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5814-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Kroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6137-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Elmenhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Drzezga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534130","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2534130","article-title":"Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations","volume":"22","author":"Candow","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forbes, S. (2022). Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050921"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e70101","article-title":"Creatine monohydrate pilot in Alzheimer\u2019s: Feasibility, brain creatine, and cognition","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2025.03.014","article-title":"Creatine as a treatment for depression: A brain bioenergetics perspective","volume":"96","author":"Fabiano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000230269.46108.d5","article-title":"Prevention of Complications Related to Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents With Creatine Administration: An Open Label Randomized Pilot Study","volume":"61","author":"Sakellaris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Inj. Infect. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4767","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4767","article-title":"Long-Term Creatine Supplementation Improves Cognitive and Hippocampal Structural Plasticity Impairments in a D-Gal-Induced Aging Model via Increasing CK-BB Activity in the Brain","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kious, B. (2019). Creatine for the Treatment of Depression. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090406"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2492","article-title":"Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves brain performance: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"270","author":"Rae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580600788100","article-title":"Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals","volume":"14","author":"McMorris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Dev. Cogn. B Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candow, D. (2019). Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and Inflammation. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040488"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith-Ryan, A. (2021). Creatine Supplementation in Women\u2019s Health: A Lifespan Perspective. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030877"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502094","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2502094","article-title":"Creatine in women\u2019s health: Bridging the gap from menstruation through pregnancy to menopause","volume":"22","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, A. (2023). The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on ExercisevRecovery in Active Women throughout the Menstrual Cycle. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163567"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54249-9","article-title":"Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0269-z","article-title":"Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol","volume":"185","author":"McMorris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-8-2","article-title":"Skill execution and sleep deprivation: Effects of acute caffeine or creatine supplementation\u2014A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12523","article-title":"Creatine-supplementation reduces sleep need and homeostatic sleep pressure in rats","volume":"26","author":"Dworak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Creatine Activity as a Neuromodulator in the Central Nervous System","volume":"78","author":"Meftahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genius, F. (2012). Creatine Protects against Excitoxicity in an In Vitro Model of Neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030554"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.01.014","article-title":"The activation of \u03b11-adrenoceptors is implicated in the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the tail suspension test","volume":"44","author":"Cunha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-015-9446-7","article-title":"Creatine, similarly to ketamine, affords antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test via adenosine A1 and A2A receptor activation","volume":"11","author":"Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arazi, H. (2021). Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030869"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.01.002","article-title":"Creatine affords protection against glutamate-induced nitrosative and oxidative stress","volume":"95","author":"Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandk\u00fchler, J. (2023). The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance\u2014A randomised controlled study. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03146-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00248.2017","article-title":"Effect of age, diet, and tissue type on PCr response to creatine supplementation","volume":"123","author":"Solis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(03)00046-5","article-title":"Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-energy phosphate metabolites in human brain following oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate","volume":"123","author":"Lyoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1745","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00717.2006","article-title":"Cerebral energetic effects of creatine supplementation in humans","volume":"292","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, M. (2025). Creatine supplementation and cognitive aging: The challenge of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Nutr. Health, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060251404327"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9492-9","article-title":"Protective effects of some creatine derivatives in brain tissue anoxia","volume":"33","author":"Perasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordji-Nejad, A. (2025). Hemispheric asymmetry in high-energy phosphate consumption during sleep-deprivation is balanced by creatine. Front. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1515761"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.1.128","article-title":"The vicissitudes of mood measurement: Effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect","volume":"55","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"B53","article-title":"Sleep, sleepiness, and circadian rhythmicity in aircrews operating on transatlantic routes","volume":"57","author":"Wegmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Env. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Samn, S.W., and Perelli, L.P. (1982). Estimating aircrew fatigue: A technique with application to airlift operations. Report SAM-TR-82-21 USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.04.007","article-title":"PC-PVT 2.0: An updated platform for psychomotor vigilance tasktesting, analysis, prediction, and visualization","volume":"304","author":"Reifman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Green, P., Allen, L., and Astner, K. (1996). The Word Memory Test: A User\u2019s Guide to the Oral and Computer-Administered Forms, CogniSyst. US version 1.1."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13225","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13225","article-title":"Adverse interaction effects of chronic and acute sleep deficits on spatial working memory but not on verbal working memory or declarative memory","volume":"30","author":"Hennecke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Toomim, H.J. (Brain Workshop\u2014A Dual N-Back Game, 2014). Brain Workshop\u2014A Dual N-Back Game, Version 4.8.4."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Reichel, W. (2019). Der Gro\u00dfe Intelligenztest, Klett Cotta Verlag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2810021","article-title":"Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: The \u2018phosphocreatine circuit\u2019 for cellular energy homeostasis","volume":"281","author":"Wallimann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x","article-title":"Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: Importance for cerebral functions","volume":"115","author":"Beard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla, D. (2021). Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041238"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marini, S. (2017). Abnormalities in the Polysomnographic, Adenosine and Metabolic Response to Sleep Deprivation in an Animal Model of Hyperammonemia. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00636"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1970.tb03356.x","article-title":"The influence of deprivation of paradoxical sleep on cerellral ammonia metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Haulica","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.07.005","article-title":"Hyperammonemia induces transport of taurine and creatine and suppresses claudin-12 gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Belanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2003","article-title":"Regulation and modulation of pH in the brain","volume":"83","author":"Chesler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14426","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312982110","article-title":"AMPA receptor pHluorin-GluA2 reports NMDA receptor-induced intracellular acidification in hippocampal neurons","volume":"110","author":"Rathje","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E495","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.03.168","article-title":"Imaging homeostatic sleep pressure and circadian rhythm in the human brain","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldini, N. (2018). The Effects of Systemic and Local Acidosis on Insulin Resistance and Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010126"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2017.018","article-title":"Sustained Intracellular Acidosis Triggers the Na+\/H+ Exchager-1 Activation in Glutamate Excitotoxicity","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.13.2.198","article-title":"Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Branch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022465203458","article-title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations","volume":"244","author":"Kreider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270002239703","article-title":"Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of oral creatine","volume":"43","author":"Persky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00512-3","article-title":"Acute creatine ingestion in human: Consequences on serum creatine and creatinine concentrations","volume":"65","author":"Schedel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31829cdff2","article-title":"Creatine supplementation","volume":"12","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00412-w","article-title":"Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: What does the scientific evidence really show?","volume":"18","author":"Antonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreider, R. (2025). Creatine supplementation is safe, beneficial throughout the lifespan, and should not be restricted. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1578564"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.06.001","article-title":"Dietary guanidinoacetic acid increases brain creatine levels in healthy men","volume":"33","author":"Ostojic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, E. (2024). Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193285"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.11.018","article-title":"Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions","volume":"168","author":"Blatter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"553","article-title":"Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance","volume":"3","author":"Alhola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy098","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy098","article-title":"Increased vulnerability to attentional failure during acute sleep deprivation in women depends on menstrual phase","volume":"41","author":"Vidafar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.09.019","article-title":"Gender differences in brain regional homogeneity of healthy subjects after normal sleep and after sleep deprivation: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endres, D. (2016). On the Effect of Sex on Prefrontal and Cerebellar Neurometabolites in Healthy Adults: An MRS Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00367"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.043","article-title":"Sex- and sex hormone-related variations in energy-metabolic frontal brain asymmetries: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"172","author":"Hjelmervik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"199","article-title":"The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Korovljev","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0852-z","article-title":"Creatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brain","volume":"40","author":"Braissant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostojic, S. (2026). Genetic Determinants of Creatine Bioavailability and Responsiveness: Emphasis on Common Low-Impact Variants. Lifestyle Genom., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1159\/000551090"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533660","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2533660","article-title":"A Single Bout of High-Intensity Exercise Session Affects Salivary Biomarkers of Creatine Metabolism in Healthy Young Men and Women","volume":"22","author":"Andjelic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1676256","article-title":"Altering meal timing to improve cognitive performance during simulated nightshifts","volume":"36","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/8\/1192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:16:43Z","timestamp":1775967403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/8\/1192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18081192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18081192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}