{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:40:34Z","timestamp":1789756834465,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients remain a significant challenge for physicians. It leads to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Enteral immunonutrition (EIN) has emerged as a promising add-on treatment to modulate immune response following surgery. In fact, it reduces inflammation and promotes patients\u2019 recovery. Indeed, the literature data on its real clinical impact for the patients are inconsistent and, yet, poorly investigated. Thus, the aim of this review was to narratively assess the current evidence for the use of EIN in postoperative GI cancer patients, evaluating the effect on clinical and immunological outcomes of patients. Therefore, a literature search was conducted using the following keywords and associations: enteral immunonutrition, gastrointestinal cancer, immune response, inflammation, and postoperative complication. GI cancers, mainly esophageal and gastric cancer, represent a significant global health burden, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. The complex interplay between tumor progression, systemic inflammation, and host nutritional status profoundly impacts patient outcomes. Traditional cancer treatments are effective and often lead to severe side effects. The latter includes malnutrition and immunosuppression and can significantly affect patients\u2019 recovery. In recent times, the concept of immunonutrition has emerged as a promising add-on therapy able to consensually modulate immune response and improve nutritional status. Several studies and meta-analyses suggest that EIN can reduce postoperative infections (e.g., wound infections and sepsis incidence), shorten hospital stays, and improve overall outcomes in GI cancer surgery patients vs. standard enteral feeding. EIN is a promising add-on approach for the management of postoperative GI cancer patients. It can significantly reduce postoperative complications and enhance their recovery. However, the result seems consistent for gastric but not yet esophageal cancer patients. EIN shows high tolerance and a high safety profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18081229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1776162548000},"page":"1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunonutrition for the Management of Postsurgery GI Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Pezzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Nutritional Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialaura","family":"Scarcella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Nutritional Science, \u201cSanta Maria\u201d Hospital, Terni and Nutritional Residency Program, Perugia University, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Recanatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Nutritional Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna Di","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Nutritional Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Rasetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Nutritional Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Morano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Chronic Liver Diseases, \u201cRenato Dulbecco\u201d University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Tack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (T.A.R.G.I.D.), Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Abenavoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Chronic Liver Diseases, \u201cRenato Dulbecco\u201d University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2101-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emidio","family":"Scarpellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Nutritional Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"},{"name":"Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (T.A.R.G.I.D.), Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2022.103729","article-title":"The immune response to major gastrointestinal cancer surgery and potential implications for adjuvant immunotherapy","volume":"175","author":"Donlon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. 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