{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:50Z","timestamp":1785411410789,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Semmelweis University Research, Development and Innovation Fund"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9ty582","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy affects up to 80% of pregnant women and may progress to hyperemesis gravidarum, leading to maternal morbidity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological options, the comparative efficacy and safety of these interventions remain unclear. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. The databases searched included CENTRAL, PubMed, and EMBASE (up to 28 May 2024). Eligible trials compared interventions with a placebo in pregnant women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. The primary outcomes were symptom severity, assessed using validated tools. Safety outcomes included adverse effects. Data were pooled using frequentist pairwise and network meta-analyses. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the CINeMA framework. Results: Of 9844 records screened, 24 randomized controlled trials (3017 participants) met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 16 intervention categories. Network analysis ranked quince, vitamin B6 with pomegranate and mint, acupressure P6, dimenhydrinate, and acupuncture combined with doxylamine\u2013pyridoxine as the most effective interventions for reducing symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, with considerable uncertainty and low-to-moderate quality of evidence. Reporting of adverse events was limited. Risk of bias was low to moderate. Discussion: Most interventions demonstrated significant benefit over a placebo. However, high heterogeneity and sparse reporting of adverse effects warrant caution when translating these results into clinical practice. Conclusions: This study indicates that both pharmacological (vitamin B6, metoclopramide, dimenhydrinate) and non-pharmacological (ginger, quince, acupressure, acupuncture) interventions might be effective in reducing symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18081293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:37:42Z","timestamp":1776677862000},"page":"1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5575-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u0151rinc","family":"Frivaldszky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"MRE Bethesda Children\u2019s Hospital, Bethesda utca 3, H-1146 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 78\/A, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-2573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Obeidat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5505-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Szigeti \u00fat 12, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, T\u00f6m\u0151 utca 25-29, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4941-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csongor","family":"K\u00e1rp\u00e1ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Kobza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e1ndor","family":"\u00c1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 78\/A, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferenc","family":"B\u00e1nhidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 78\/A, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2489-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gergely","family":"Ag\u00f3cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka Lilla","family":"Szentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rton","family":"Keszthelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 22, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 78\/A, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0110-3","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"5","author":"Fejzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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