{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:19:30Z","timestamp":1778055570047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["23K10775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K10775"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["25K14717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K14717"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in tissues with age and are associated with the risk of chronic diseases. However, evidence regarding lifestyle factors related to AGE accumulation in healthy adolescents is limited. The aim of this study was to explore dietary and lifestyle factors that may attenuate tissue AGE accumulation, using skin autofluorescence (SAF) as a noninvasive proxy marker, in healthy Japanese early adolescent girls. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 315 first-year junior high school girls aged 12\u201313 years from a private school in Japan. SAF was measured on the volar forearm using an AGE Reader MU. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated brief diet history questionnaire (BDHQ-15y). Lifestyle factors, including weekday sleep duration, were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Health-related variables (including weight-loss dieting) were also collected. Associations between SAF and each factor were analyzed using generalized linear models and nonparametric tests, with multivariable adjustment for potential confounders. Results: The mean SAF was 1.06 \u00b1 0.13 arbitrary units. No significant associations were observed between SAF and health-related characteristics, nutrient intakes, or major food-group intakes. Longer weekday sleep duration was significantly associated with lower SAF (p for trend = 0.019) and remained significant after multivariable adjustment (p for trend = 0.018). A similar association was observed for better perceived restorative sleep (p for trend = 0.033; adjusted p for trend = 0.048). Conclusions: In healthy early adolescent girls, longer weekday sleep duration and better perceived restorative sleep were associated with lower SAF, whereas dietary intake was not. Given the largely irreversible age-related accumulation of AGEs, promoting healthy sleep during adolescence may help attenuate AGE accumulation early in life and reduce long-term AGE-related disease risk. Prospective studies with more detailed dietary assessments are needed to clarify dietary influences and confirm temporality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18091377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T19:24:51Z","timestamp":1777317891000},"page":"1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Weekday Sleep Duration and Perceived Restorative Sleep, but Not Dietary Intake, Are Associated with Lower Skin Autofluorescence in Japanese Early Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Kohri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women\u2019s University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of School Psychology, Developmental Science and Health Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume, Kato 673-1494, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiho","family":"Myojin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Kawanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumika","family":"Makita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mako","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women\u2019s University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Higashine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women\u2019s University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-7499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariko","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4769-x","article-title":"Skin autofluorescence predicts incident type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality in the general population","volume":"62","author":"Fokkens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab072","article-title":"Circulating Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Soluble Receptors in Relation to All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Sharafabad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twarda-Clapa, A., Olczak, A., Bia\u0142kowska, A.M., and Kozio\u0142kiewicz, M. (2022). Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081312"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621854","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products: Sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury","volume":"114","author":"Goldin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, I., Cavero-Redondo, I., Pascual-Morena, C., Otero-Luis, I., Fenoll-Morante, M., Lever-Megina, C.G., Rodr\u00edguez-Guti\u00e9rrez, E., and Saz-Lara, A. (2025). Reference values of skin autofluorescence by age groups in healthy Spanish adults: Results from the EVasCu study, a systematic review, and a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020474"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwi053","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: A common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelson, M., and Coughlan, M.T. (2019). Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products: Digestion, Metabolism and Modulation of Gut Microbial Ecology. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020215"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7e\u00e7en, A.G., and Bilgin, G.D. (2025). The relationship between ultra-processed food consumption and advanced glycation end products in university students: Evidence from the skin autofluorescence method. BMC Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01188-x"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3667","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3667","article-title":"The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Rogers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1451-2","article-title":"Simple non-invasive assessment of advanced glycation endproduct accumulation","volume":"47","author":"Meerwaldt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0694-z","article-title":"Association of physical fitness with skin autofluorescence-derived advanced glycation end products in children","volume":"87","author":"Endes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.2024-0042","article-title":"Clinical factors associated with advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) levels evaluated by skin autofluorescence of schoolchildren in Japan","volume":"34","author":"Nagahara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114525104042","article-title":"Relative validity of food and nutrient intakes derived from a brief-type diet history questionnaire for Japanese children and adolescents","volume":"134","author":"Okubo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2024). Sleep Guidelines for Health Promotion 2023, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/001305530.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.06.002","article-title":"Delayed school start times and adolescent sleep: A systematic review of the experimental evidence","volume":"28","author":"Minges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2816","article-title":"Acute sleep restriction reduces insulin sensitivity in adolescent boys","volume":"36","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01376-8","article-title":"Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function","volume":"354","author":"Spiegel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2112","article-title":"Sleep duration and insulin resistance in healthy black and white adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4365","article-title":"Association of sleep deprivation with reduction in insulin sensitivity as assessed by the hyperglycemic clamp technique in adolescents","volume":"170","author":"Vasques","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, I., Saz-Lara, A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Otero-Luis, I., G\u00f3mez-Guijarro, M.D., Moreno-Herraiz, N., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, S., and Pascual-Morena, C. (2024). Association between sleep duration and cardiovascular risk: The EVasCu cross-sectional study. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1430821"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_400_19","article-title":"Sleep quality and insulin resistance in adolescent subjects with different circadian preference: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Rawat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galan-Lopez, P., Dom\u00ednguez, R., G\u00edslad\u00f3ttir, T., S\u00e1nchez-Oliver, A.J., Pihu, M., Ries, F., and Klonizakis, M. (2021). Sleep quality and duration in European adolescents (the AdolesHealth study): A cross-sectional, quantitative study. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8030188"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, H., Xu, T., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., and Qu, Y. (2022). Effects of cheerleading practice on advanced glycation end products, areal bone mineral density, and physical fitness in female adolescents. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.954672"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2021.02.016","article-title":"The AGE reader: A non-invasive method to assess long-term tissue damage","volume":"203","author":"Atzeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1495-y","article-title":"Association between habitual dietary and lifestyle behaviours and skin autofluorescence (SAF), a marker of tissue accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), in healthy adults","volume":"57","author":"Kellow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.06.005","article-title":"Dietary advanced glycation end products and their relevance for human health","volume":"47","author":"Nowotny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dello Russo, M., Sirangelo, I., Lauria, F., Formisano, A., Iannuzzi, C., Hebestreit, A., Pala, V., Siani, A., and Russo, P. (2024). Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and urinary fluorescent AGEs in children and adolescents: Findings from the Italian I.Family Project. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121831"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1696","article-title":"Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences","volume":"134","author":"Owens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hakuhodo Foundation Children Research Institute (2025). How Long Do You Sleep?, Hakuhodo Foundation Children Research Institute. Available online: https:\/\/kodomoken.hakuhodofoundation.or.jp\/topics\/1549\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., King, L., Feng, Y., Chen, G., Yang, C., Lu, J., Han, X., Ma, W., Yin, J., and Liu, C. (2024). Associations of Advanced Glycation End Products with Sleep Disorders in Chinese Adults. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193282"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s41606-024-00111-w","article-title":"The relationship between sleep and menstrual problems in early adolescent girls","volume":"8","author":"Kiss","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.03.018","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet","volume":"110","author":"Uribarri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Yang, Y., Yu, F., He, Y., Luo, C., Zhang, M., Chen, H., and Tung, T.-H. (2025). Social jetlag and depressive symptoms among young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07066-x"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/9\/1377\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:55:50Z","timestamp":1778054150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/9\/1377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18091377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18091377","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}