{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T21:30:37Z","timestamp":1777757437946,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acute alcohol consumption may interfere with the dynamics between internal and external load during exercise, potentially attenuating cardiovascular responses. Objective: This study investigated the association between distance covered during a running test and mean heart rate, while examining the moderating role of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) under conditions with and without acute alcohol ingestion. Methods: This crossover experimental study included 12 physically active male university students (23.7 \u00b1 3.7 years). Participants completed two intermittent running sessions (control and alcohol conditions), separated by \u226548 h. In the alcohol condition, participants consumed 0.4 g of ethanol\/kg of body mass. Heart rate was continuously monitored using a Polar RCX5 monitor, and total distance covered and RPE (Borg 6\u201320 scale) were assessed immediately after test completion. Analyses included paired comparisons, Pearson correlations, and linear regression models with interaction terms. Results: No significant associations between variables were observed in the control condition. With alcohol consumption, distance covered was positively associated with mean heart rate, and RPE significantly moderated this relationship. Conclusions: Acute alcohol ingestion may modify the interaction between external load, perceived exertion, and cardiovascular response during running. These results highlight the importance of integrated monitoring of internal and external load, especially in contexts involving recent alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18091407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiovascular Response to Exercise with and Without Alcohol Consumption: Evidence of an Interaction Between Distance Covered and Perceived Exertion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9846-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Ferreira de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline de Jesus","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, State University of Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas 45980-000, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Arag\u00e3o-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9468-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Celina Fernandes","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jrm00387","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v55.4523","article-title":"Relationship Between Heart Rate and Perceived Exertion in Neuromuscular Diseases: How do Laboratory-Based Exercise Testing Results Translate to Home-Based Aerobic Training Sessions?","volume":"55","author":"Voorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01942-y","article-title":"Use the rating of perceived exertion to evaluate load in collegiate male soccer player, validity and influencing factors","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00729-1","article-title":"Rating of Perceived Exertion: A Large Cross-Sectional Study Defining Intensity Levels for Individual Physical Activity Recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Grummt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med.-Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havanecz, K., S\u00e1f\u00e1r, S., Bartha, C., Kopper, B., Horv\u00e1th, T., T\u00f3th, P.J., Szab\u00f3, G.P., Szal\u00e1nczi, Z., and G\u00e9czi, G. (2025). Relationship Between Internal and External Load in Under-16 Soccer Players: Heart Rate, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and GPS-Derived Variables. Sports, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.1139.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2025.2471880","article-title":"Do Exercise Pattern and Intensity Influence Affective and Enjoyment Responses in Active Adults? A Secondary Analysis","volume":"96","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000474","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000474","article-title":"Face scale rating of perceived exertion during cardiopulmonary exercise test","volume":"4","author":"Morishita","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17158","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17158","article-title":"Are incremental exercise relationships between rating of perceived exertion and oxygen uptake or heart rate reserve valid during steady-state exercises?","volume":"12","author":"Micheli","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117116664710","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity and alcohol use among adults in the United States: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Dodge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Str\u00fcven, A., Schlichtiger, J., Hoppe, J.M., Thiessen, I., Brunner, S., and Stremmel, C. (2025). The Impact of Alcohol on Sleep Physiology: A Prospective Observational Study on Nocturnal Resting Heart Rate Using Smartwatch Technology. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091470"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"agae017","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agae017","article-title":"Acute alcohol ingestion decreases the work done above the end-test power during a 3-min all-out cycling exercise","volume":"59","author":"Wanner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9200","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20209200","article-title":"Ingestion of a moderate dose of alcohol enhances physical exercise-induced changes in blood lactate concentration","volume":"53","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"21","article-title":"Validade e Reprodutibilidade do Question\u00e1rio Indicadores de Sa\u00fade e Qualidade de Vida de Acad\u00eamicos (Isaq-A)","volume":"1","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Cien. Esp."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"215","article-title":"Validation of the \u201cCAGE\u201d alcoholism screening test in a Brazilian psychiatric inpatient hospital setting","volume":"16","author":"Masur","year":"1983","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Pinto, L.N. (2008). Alcoolismo no Feminino: O Consumo de Bebidas Alc\u00f3olicas em Alunas Universit\u00e1rias\u2014Uma Amostra da FCS-UFP do Porto. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Fernando Pessoa]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Nahas, M.V. (2017). Atividade F\u00edsica, Sa\u00fade e Qualidade de Vida: Conceitos e Sugest\u00f5es Para um Estilo de Vida Ativo, Ed do Autor. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535030-00005","article-title":"Interaction Between Alcohol and Exercise: Physiological and Haematological Implications","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1340","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1340","article-title":"Alcohol, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body and pharmacokinetic calculations","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034579","article-title":"Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation and Marathon Running Performance","volume":"2","author":"Jacobs","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838010-00004","article-title":"The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test: A Useful Tool for Evaluation of Physical Performance in Intermittent Sports","volume":"38","author":"Bangsbo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0599","article-title":"25 Years of session rating of perceived exertion: Historical perspective and development","volume":"16","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0830-z","article-title":"The Relationships Between Internal and External Measures of Training Load and Intensity in Team Sports: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"McLaren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddad, M., Stylianides, G., Djaoui, L., Dellal, A., and Chamari, K. (2017). Session-RPE Method for Training Load Monitoring: Validity, Ecological Usefulness, and Influencing Factors. Front. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00612"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, G., Maia, F., Nakamura, F.Y., Neiva, H.P., and Sousa, A. (2025). Rating of perceived exertion in continuous sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map. Front. Sports Act. Living, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1553998"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.17765\/1983-1870.2015v8n1p79-84","article-title":"Efeitos da Ingest\u00e3o Alco\u00f3lica na Frequ\u00eancia Card\u00edaca, Pot\u00eancia e Tempo no Esfor\u00e7o M\u00e1ximo","volume":"8","author":"Terra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sa\u00fade Pesqui."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"agad079","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agad079","article-title":"Effect of a moderate alcohol dose on physiological responses during rest and prolonged cycling","volume":"59","author":"Marley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.12.011","article-title":"Exploring the complex interplay between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular health: Mechanisms, evidence, and future directions","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.16891\/2317-434X.v12.e3.a2024.pp4255-4262aa","article-title":"A ingest\u00e3o de \u00e1lcool modula a associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre os n\u00edveis de gordura corporal, glicemia e lactato, e a performance em corrida em adultos jovens?","volume":"12","author":"Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2025.881","article-title":"Exploring The Physiological and Physical Basis of RPE Responses in Soccer: A Comparative Analysis of Internal and External Load Determinants Across Different Training Drills","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968211047028","article-title":"Daily Exercise and Alcohol Use Among Young Adult College Students","volume":"10","author":"Stamates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasco, P., Allocca, S., Casella, C., Colecchia, F.P., Ruberto, M., Mancini, N., Casillo, M., Messina, A., Monda, M., and Messina, G. (2025). Nutrition and Physical Activity in the University Population: A Scoping Review of Combined Impacts on Psychological Well-Being, Cognitive Performance, and Quality of Life. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10040374"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317111638324","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i16.38324","article-title":"Os efeitos do consumo de \u00e1lcool no processo de hipertrofia","volume":"11","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/9\/1407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:47:13Z","timestamp":1777466833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/9\/1407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18091407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18091407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}