{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:50:08Z","timestamp":1790297408687,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":380,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018493","name":"Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113TMU-SHH-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113TMU-SHH-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["113TMU-SHH-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113TMU-SHH-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04k9dce70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024w0ge69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Aging is closely associated with sarcopenia, which has a significant impact on muscle mass and its function. Protein supplementation (PS) brings benefits such as lean mass and strength gains during exercise training. This paper determined the optimal regimen among the composites of variate protein sources and training modalities for older individuals. Methods: We comprehensively searched the electronic databases, namely MEDLINE Complete, PEDro, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, from its inception until December 2025. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effectiveness of any type of PS combined with one of three exercise types\u2014resistance, aerobic, or multicomponent training\u2014in untrained older adults. The main outcomes used to identify sarcopenia were assessed, including lean mass, handgrip and leg strength, and physical mobility measures. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed by a frequentist method using random-effects models. The estimated treatment effect was expressed as the standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Any potential factor moderating the treatment effect was determined by the meta-regression analyses, including participant characteristics and methodological factors. Certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed by the GRADE framework. Results: In total, we included 235 RCTs (20,980 participants) for analyses. A total of 10 protein sources (whey, soy, casein, milk, and the others) were identified, corresponding to 24 monotherapy and combined regimens of PS and exercise. Among the treatment arms, whey plus resistance training was ranked as the most effective treatment for muscle mass (large SMD, 1.29; CoE, moderate) and leg strength (large SMD, 1.16; CoE, moderate); additionally, whey plus multicomponent exercise training achieved the most promising effects on such sarcopenia-related physical indicators such as chair rise (large effect, SMD = 1.09; CoE: high), timed up and go (medium SMD, 0.70; CoE, high), and global mobility score (large SMD, 1.02; CoE, high). Conclusions: The treatment efficacy appears to be moderated by the participant\u2019s conditions, PS resource, and PS dose, particularly the outcome of muscle mass and strength. The present NMA results indicate that whey protein incorporated with resistance training is the optimal program to help combat sarcopenia in older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18091409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Explore the Optimal Treatment Regimen Across Combinations of Variate Protein Sources and Exercise Modalities and Its Associated Factors in Older Adults: A Network Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Che-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98015, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0959-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsan-Hon","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1930-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-De","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-023-00334-3","article-title":"Association of sarcopenia, pre-sarcopenia, and dynapenia with the onset and progression of locomotive syndrome in Japanese older adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02061-0","article-title":"Gait characteristics in community-dwelling older persons with low skeletal muscle mass and low physical performance","volume":"34","author":"Longobucco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly129","article-title":"Strong Relation between Muscle Mass Determined by D3-creatine Dilution, Physical Performance and Incidence of Falls and Mobility Limitations in a Prospective Cohort of Older Men","volume":"74","author":"Cawthon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12503","article-title":"Sarcopenia, long-term conditions, and multimorbidity: Findings from UK Biobank participants","volume":"11","author":"Dodds","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-017-0302-x","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: A systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies","volume":"16","author":"Shafiee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.R0005","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia defined using the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria in Japanese community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Makizako","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-0478-1","article-title":"Health Care Costs Associated With Muscle Weakness: A UK Population-Based Estimate","volume":"104","author":"Westbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2019.10","article-title":"Economic Impact of Hospitalizations in US Adults with Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Goates","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93988-1","article-title":"Predictive efficacy of different diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia in osteoporosis and fractures","volume":"15","author":"Zhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800411","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800411","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Tilting the Balance of Protein Homeostasis","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101200","article-title":"Sarcopenia\u2014Molecular mechanisms and open questions","volume":"65","author":"Wiedmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-023-00822-w","article-title":"Influencing factors of sarcopenia in older adults based on the Newman system model: A case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S510412","article-title":"An Indian Consensus on Sarcopenia: Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Impact, Screening, and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"18","author":"Kalra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13115","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for sarcopenia prevention, diagnosis and management in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"Zanker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afac220","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac220","article-title":"Sarcopenia definition, diagnosis and treatment: Consensus is growing","volume":"51","author":"Sayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"38","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Current treatments and new regenerative therapeutic approaches","volume":"23","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203718666170607113459","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An Overview on Current Definitions, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Landi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.007","article-title":"Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group","volume":"33","author":"Deutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100401","article-title":"Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR)","volume":"29","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02123-z","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training Volume on Physical Function, Lean Body Mass and Lower-Body Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of 151 Randomised Trials","volume":"55","author":"Radaelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afac003","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac003","article-title":"Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: Prescription and delivery","volume":"51","author":"Hurst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.06.005","article-title":"Optimal exercise to improve physical ability and performance in older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tessier, A.J., and Chevalier, S. (2018). An Update on Protein, Leucine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia and Functional Decline. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081099"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Pan, T., Tong, X., Yang, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2023). The effects of nutritional supplementation on older sarcopenic individuals who engage in resistance training: A meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1109789"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.M., Zhang, L., and Li, S.Q. (2023). Advances in nutritional supplementation for sarcopenia management. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1189522"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, Y.Y., Chang, H.Y., Huang, Y.C., and Liu, C.W. (2022). Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194210"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab355","article-title":"Protein interventions augment the effect of resistance exercise on appendicular lean mass and handgrip strength in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"115","author":"Kirwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L.P., Condello, G., and Kuo, C.H. (2021). Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged \u2265 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082815"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01704-0","article-title":"Effects of Protein Supplementation Associated with Resistance Training on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses","volume":"52","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2022.111773","article-title":"Which intervention is more effective in improving sarcopenia in older adults? A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"210","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carcel\u00e9n-Fraile, M.D.C., Lorenzo-Nocino, M.F., Afanador-Restrepo, D.F., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, C., Aibar-Almaz\u00e1n, A., Hita-Contreras, F., Achalandabaso-Ochoa, A., and Castellote-Caballero, Y. (2023). Effects of different intervention combined with resistance training on musculoskeletal health in older male adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1037464"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.01.057","article-title":"Management of Sarcopenia: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"23","author":"Negm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.D., Wu, Y.T., Tsauo, J.Y., Chen, P.R., Tu, Y.K., Chen, H.C., and Liou, T.H. (2020). Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training on Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults with Lower-Extremity Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082422"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuyul-V\u00e1squez, I., Pezo-Navarrete, J., Vargas-Arriagada, C., Ortega-D\u00edaz, C., Sep\u00falveda-Loyola, W., Hirabara, S.M., and Marzuca-Nassr, G.N. (2023). Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplementation during Resistance Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Older People with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153424"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.143594","article-title":"Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.136424","article-title":"Leucine supplementation enhances integrative myofibrillar protein synthesis in free-living older men consuming lower- and higher-protein diets: A parallel-group crossover study","volume":"104","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01053-5","article-title":"The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise","volume":"49","author":"Trommelen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landi, F., Calvani, R., Tosato, M., Martone, A.M., Ortolani, E., Savera, G., D\u2019Angelo, E., Sisto, A., and Marzetti, E. (2016). Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050295"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1641-1","article-title":"Even effect of milk protein and carbohydrate intake but no further effect of heavy resistance exercise on myofibrillar protein synthesis in older men","volume":"58","author":"Reitelseder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac222","article-title":"The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to the Ingestion of a Plant-Derived Protein Blend Does Not Differ from an Equivalent Amount of Milk Protein in Healthy Young Males","volume":"152","author":"Pinckaers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03071-y","article-title":"Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males","volume":"62","author":"Lanng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1232702","article-title":"Effects of whey protein supplement in the elderly submitted to resistance training: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Colonetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00076.2009","article-title":"Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: Effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men","volume":"107","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006271","article-title":"Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men","volume":"108","author":"Burd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa024","article-title":"Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans","volume":"150","author":"Gorissen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab055","article-title":"Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"151","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.103184","article-title":"Differences in postprandial protein handling after beef compared with milk ingestion during postexercise recovery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Burd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.1031","article-title":"Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage","volume":"85","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0071","article-title":"No Difference Between the Effects of Supplementing with Soy Protein Versus Animal Protein on Gains in Muscle Mass and Strength in Response to Resistance Exercise","volume":"28","author":"Messina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.875365","article-title":"Effects of Whey Protein and Resistance Exercise on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"33","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521001550","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"127","author":"Mirzababaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela, P.L., Mata, F., Morales, J.S., Castillo-Garc\u00eda, A., and Lucia, A. (2019). Does Beef Protein Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Exercise Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061429"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanini, B., Simonetto, A., Zubani, M., Castellano, M., and Gilioli, G. (2020). The Effects of Cow-Milk Protein Supplementation in Elderly Population: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092548"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.D., Huang, S.W., Chen, H.C., Huang, M.H., Liou, T.H., and Lin, C.L. (2024). Comparative Efficacy of Different Protein Supplements on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Indices of Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling, Hospitalized or Institutionalized Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070941"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation (2026, April 23). Covidence Systematic Review Software, Available online: www.covidence.org."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2024). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, The Cochrane Collaboration. version 6.5."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-025-00164-0","article-title":"Research on policy mechanisms to address funding bias and conflicts of interest in biomedical research: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14770.1","article-title":"Estimating the contribution of studies in network meta-analysis: Paths, flows and streams","volume":"7","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R. (1993). Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2024). Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Cochrane. version 6.5."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2024). Chapter 11: Undertaking network meta-analyses. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Cochrane. version 6.5."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1188","article-title":"The design-by-treatment interaction model: A unifying framework for modelling loop inconsistency in network meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: An overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer, M., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T.A., and Ebert, D.D. (2021). Chapter 12: Network Meta-Analysis. Doing Meta-Analysis with R: A Hands-On Guide, Chapman & Hall\/CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e2019010","article-title":"Network meta-analysis: Application and practice using R software","volume":"41","author":"Shim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.10.005","article-title":"Advances in the GRADE approach to rate the certainty in estimates from a network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Bonner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furukawa, T.A., Miura, T., Chaimani, A., Leucht, S., Cipriani, A., Noma, H., Mitsuyasu, H., Kanba, S., and Salanti, G. (2016). Using the contribution matrix to evaluate complex study limitations in a network meta-analysis: A case study of bipolar maintenance pharmacotherapy review. BMC Res. Notes, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2019-1"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salanti, G., Del Giovane, C., Chaimani, A., Caldwell, D.M., and Higgins, J.P. (2014). Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099682"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5557511","DOI":"10.1155\/tsm2\/5557511","article-title":"Which Protein-Based Dietary Supplements Most Effectively Enhance Fat-Free Mass and Strength Gains in Healthy Adults Undergoing Resistance Training? A Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"2026","author":"Drummond","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104868","article-title":"The effect of different exercise programs on sarcopenia criteria in older people: A systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Zheng, W.X., Zhou, X., Liu, Q.R., and Zhao, X.H. (2025). Training modalities for elder sarcopenic obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1537291"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13254","article-title":"Comparison of time-matched aerobic, resistance, or concurrent exercise training in older adults","volume":"28","author":"Timmons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1113\/JP289716","article-title":"Resistance training-induced adaptations in the neuromuscular system: Physiological mechanisms and implications for human performance","volume":"604","author":"Lecce","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"101104","article-title":"Load-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy: Mechanisms, myths, and misconceptions","volume":"15","author":"Lees","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05832-z","article-title":"Resistance exercise and skeletal muscle: Protein synthesis, degradation, and controversies","volume":"125","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajj-Boutros, G., Karelis, A.D., Cefis, M., Morais, J.A., Casgrain, J., Gouspillou, G., and Sonjak, V. (2023). Potential mechanisms involved in regulating muscle protein turnover after acute exercise: A brief review. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1106425"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002929","article-title":"An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Resistance Exercise-Induced Human Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy","volume":"54","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002585","article-title":"Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.25.0052","article-title":"Position statement: Evidence-Based Exercise Guidelines for Sarcopenia in Older Adults: Insights from the Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia","volume":"29","author":"Bae","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-025-00399-2","article-title":"Optimizing prescription of resistance training for body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, M., He, S., Zhang, X., Meng, D., Yang, G., and Wang, Z. (2025). Explore the optimal exercise intervention subtype for sarcopenia: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06529-w"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.D., Chen, H.C., Huang, S.W., and Liou, T.H. (2019). The Role of Muscle Mass Gain Following Protein Supplementation Plus Exercise Therapy in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Frailty Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Trials. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081713"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, M.T., Pan, B.J., Toh, D.W.K., Sutanto, C.N., and Kim, J.E. (2021). Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020661"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.793580","article-title":"Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass","volume":"32","author":"Volek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.01.006","article-title":"Daily Supplementation with Whey, Soy, or Whey-Soy Blended Protein for 6 Months Maintained Lean Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Older Adults with Low Lean Mass","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001224","article-title":"Protein Supplementation Does Not Affect Myogenic Adaptations to Resistance Training","volume":"49","author":"Reidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanda, A., Nakayama, K., Sanbongi, C., Nagata, M., Ikegami, S., and Itoh, H. (2016). Effects of Whey, Caseinate, or Milk Protein Ingestion on Muscle Protein Synthesis after Exercise. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060339"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.05.009","article-title":"The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"McKendry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berrazaga, I., Micard, V., Gueugneau, M., and Walrand, S. (2019). The Role of the Anabolic Properties of Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Sources in Supporting Muscle Mass Maintenance: A Critical Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081825"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511700194X","article-title":"Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults","volume":"77","author":"Gorissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.204305","article-title":"The Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant-versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption","volume":"145","author":"Burd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz332","article-title":"Whey protein but not collagen peptides stimulate acute and longer-term muscle protein synthesis with and without resistance exercise in healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"111","author":"Oikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01318.x","article-title":"Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by whey and caseinate ingestion after resistance exercise in elderly individuals","volume":"21","author":"Dideriksen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-9","article-title":"Postprandial muscle protein synthesis is higher after a high whey protein, leucine-enriched supplement than after a dairy-like product in healthy older people: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Luiking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieman, D.C., Zwetsloot, K.A., Simonson, A.J., Hoyle, A.T., Wang, X., Nelson, H.K., Lefranc-Millot, C., and Gu\u00e9rin-Deremaux, L. (2020). Effects of Whey and Pea Protein Supplementation on Post-Eccentric Exercise Muscle Damage: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0343.v1"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013722","article-title":"Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise","volume":"94","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511007422","article-title":"Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3792-9","article-title":"The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: The role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis","volume":"118","author":"Damas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517003816","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of protein and amino acid supplements in older adults with acute or chronic conditions","volume":"119","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.D., Lee, P.H., Hsiao, D.J., Huang, S.W., Tsauo, J.Y., Chen, H.C., and Liou, T.H. (2018). Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Intervention on Frailty Indices, Body Composition, and Physical Function in Frail Older Adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121916"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"389","article-title":"Effect of nutritional supplement combined with exercise intervention on sarcopenia in the elderly: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0403-y","article-title":"Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Naclerio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01234-2","article-title":"Strength training and protein supplementation improve muscle mass, strength, and function in mobility-limited older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Aas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vecchio, M., Chiaramonte, R., Testa, G., and Pavone, V. (2021). Clinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6040093"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179572718765760","DOI":"10.1177\/1179572718765760","article-title":"Effect of Protein or Essential Amino Acid Supplementation During Prolonged Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Gade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rehabil. Process Outcome"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0899-y","article-title":"Effects of milk proteins supplementation in older adults undergoing resistance training: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"22","author":"Hidayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Jeong, K., Lim, S., Lee, S., and Baek, Y. (2024). Association of Dietary Protein Sources and Their Adequacy, Body Composition and Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity in South Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14020130"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Baek, Y., Jeong, K., and Lee, S. (2022). Association of Dietary Factors with Grip Strength, Body Fat, and Prevalence of Sarcopenic Obesity in Rural Korean Elderly with Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.910481"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100163","article-title":"Association of dietary protein intake, inflammation with muscle mass, physical performance and incident sarcopenia in Chinese community-dwelling older adults","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00869","article-title":"Age-Related Anabolic Resistance of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Exacerbated in Obese Inactive Individuals","volume":"102","author":"Smeuninx","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.023","article-title":"Both basal and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates, following the ingestion of a leucine-enriched whey protein supplement, are not impaired in sarcopenic older males","volume":"36","author":"Kramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha\u00df, U., Kochlik, B., Herpich, C., Rudloff, S., and Norman, K. (2022). Effects of an Omega-3 Supplemented, High-Protein Diet in Combination with Vibration and Resistance Exercise on Muscle Power and Inflammation in Old Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204274"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"17","article-title":"Changes in Strength, Mobility, and Body Composition Following Self-Selected Exercise in Older Adults","volume":"29","author":"Herda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.024","article-title":"Supplement-based nutritional strategies to tackle frailty: A multifactorial, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Roschel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14506","article-title":"Protein dose requirements to maximize skeletal muscle protein synthesis after repeated bouts of resistance exercise in young trained women","volume":"33","author":"Mallinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa073","article-title":"Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men: A double-blind randomized trial","volume":"112","author":"Pinckaers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy263","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Increases in Whole-Body Net Protein Balance and Dietary Protein-Derived Amino Acid Incorporation into Myofibrillar Protein During Recovery from Resistance Exercise in Older Men","volume":"149","author":"Holwerda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amasene, M., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Echeverria, I., Sanz, B., Alonso, C., Tobalina, I., Irazusta, J., Labayen, I., and Besga, A. (2021). Effects of Resistance Training Intervention along with Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation on Sarcopenia and Frailty in Post-Hospitalized Older Adults: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010097"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00152.2014","article-title":"Timed-daily ingestion of whey protein and exercise training reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves insulin resistance: The PRISE study","volume":"117","author":"Arciero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00847.2019","article-title":"Countering disuse atrophy in older adults with low-volume leucine supplementation","volume":"128","author":"Fiebig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz003","article-title":"Improving Dietary Protein Quality Reduces the Negative Effects of Physical Inactivity on Body Composition and Muscle Function","volume":"74","author":"Galvan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.40","article-title":"Effects of whey proteins and carbohydrates on the efficacy of resistance training in elderly people: Double blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Arnarson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"743","article-title":"The benefits of a novel chicken-based oral nutritional supplement for older adults: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Assantachai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1770251","article-title":"Post-exercise provision of 40 g of protein during whole body resistance training further augments strength adaptations in elderly males","volume":"28","author":"Atherton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002166","article-title":"Effects of Icelandic yogurt consumption and resistance training in healthy untrained older males","volume":"127","author":"Bagheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100344","article-title":"Adherence to resistance training and hypocaloric diet among persons near retirement age\u2014A secondary data analysis of three randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Bauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.08.009","article-title":"Multidisciplinary nutritional support for undernutrition in nursing home and home-care: A cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, K.E., Snijders, T., Zulyniak, M., Kumbhare, D., Parise, G., Chabowski, A., and Phillips, S.M. (2017). A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181387"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0124-8","article-title":"The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men","volume":"14","author":"Bemben","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068788","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068788","article-title":"Multicomponent intervention to prevent mobility disability in frail older adults: Randomised controlled trial (SPRINTT project)","volume":"377","author":"Bernabei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesek, S., Vojciechowski, A.S., Filho, J.M., Menezes Ferreira, A.C.R., Borba, V.Z.C., Rabito, E.I., and Gomes, A.R.S. (2021). Effects of Exergames and Protein Supplementation on Body Composition and Musculoskeletal Function of Prefrail Community-Dwelling Older Women: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179324"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004211073123","article-title":"Effects of Soy Milk in Conjunction With Resistance Training on Physical Performance and Skeletal Muscle Regulatory Markers in Older Men","volume":"24","author":"Bijeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2012.03.010","article-title":"Whey protein supplementation in nursing home residents. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Bjorkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0276-6","article-title":"Similar effects of leucine rich and regular dairy products on muscle mass and functions of older polymyalgia rheumatica patients: A randomized crossover trial","volume":"15","author":"Bjorkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.006","article-title":"Effect of Protein Supplementation on Physical Performance in Older People With Sarcopenia-A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Bjorkman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982673","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on early physiotherapy intervention versus usual care in acute car unit for elderly: Potential benefits in light of dietary intakes","volume":"12","author":"Dechamps","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0352-6","article-title":"Efficacy of a home-based intervention programme on the physical activity level and functional ability of older people using domestic services: A randomised study","volume":"16","author":"Bonnefoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2003836","article-title":"The effects of exercise and protein-energy supplements on body composition and muscle function in frail elderly individuals: A long-term controlled randomised study","volume":"89","author":"Bonnefoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108314760","article-title":"Effects of oral nutritional supplements in normally nourished or mildly undernourished geriatric patients after surgery for hip fracture: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Iglesias","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutry-Regard, C., Vinyes-Par\u00e9s, G., Breuill\u00e9, D., and Moritani, T. (2020). Supplementation with Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Polyphenols Combined with Electrical Muscle Stimulation Increases Muscle Strength in Elderly Adults with Limited Mobility: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061866"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.02.015","article-title":"The effect of protein intake and resistance training on muscle mass in acutely ill old medical patients\u2014A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Buhl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"68","article-title":"Effects of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength in free living elders. Results of one year follow","volume":"8","author":"Bunout","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0223-8","article-title":"Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men","volume":"97","author":"Candow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318176b310","article-title":"Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men","volume":"40","author":"Candow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5432\/ijshs.5.147","article-title":"Effects of Exercise and Nutritional Intervention to Improve Physical Factors Associated with Fracture Risk in Middle-aged and Older Women","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0017-5","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity exercise and protein supplement on muscle mass in ADL dependent older people with and without malnutrition: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Carlsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, C.C., Campbell, N.W.C., Lewis, R.L., Preston, S.E., Garrett, C.M., Winstone, H.M., Barker, A.C., Vanos, J.M., Stouder, L.S., and Reyes, C. (2024). Greater protein intake emphasizing lean beef does not affect resistance training-induced adaptations to skeletal muscle and tendon in older women: A randomized controlled feeding trial. J. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.04.001"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"471","article-title":"Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training with Protein Supplementation on Muscle Mass And Strength in Older Men","volume":"18","author":"Centner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls221","article-title":"Efficacy of whey protein supplementation on resistance exercise-induced changes in lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function in mobility-limited older adults","volume":"68","author":"Chale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"48","article-title":"Effects of resistance training combined with nutritional intervention on alleviating sarcopenia in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. J. Pract. Clin. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, P., Kumar, P., Kandel, R., Madan, R., Tyagi, M., Kumar, D.A., Khan, M.A., Desai, G., Chaudhary, P., and Gupta, S. (2018). Nordic walking training and nutritional supplementation in pre-frail older Indians: An open-labelled experimental pre-test and post-test pilot study to develop intervention model. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0890-4"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.01.004","article-title":"Effect of multicomponent intervention on malnutrition in older adults: A multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.N., Hsu, K.J., Chien, K.Y., and Chen, J.J. (2021). Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.705282"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effects of fortified nutrition combining with resistance exercise on physical function and activity of daily living for elderly patients with sarcopenia","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23278","article-title":"Physical exercise and\/or enriched foods for functional improvement in frail, independently living elderly: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"82","author":"Schouten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060211060665","article-title":"Whey protein and vitamin D supplementation in institutionalized older adults: A randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Colonetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"453","article-title":"Efficacy of an Exercise and Nutritional Supplement Program on Physical Performance and Nutritional Status in Older Adults With Mobility Limitations Residing at Senior Living Facilities","volume":"25","author":"Corcoran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002682","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Responses to Exercise Plus Nutrition in Men with Prostate Cancer on Androgen Deprivation: A 12-Month RCT","volume":"53","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa126","article-title":"Effects of a multinutrient-fortified milk drink combined with exercise on functional performance, muscle strength, body composition, inflammation, and oxidative stress in middle-aged women: A 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"112","author":"Daly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.064154","article-title":"Protein-enriched diet, with the use of lean red meat, combined with progressive resistance training enhances lean tissue mass and muscle strength and reduces circulating IL-6 concentrations in elderly women: A cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Daly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111760","article-title":"Can supplemental protein to low-protein containing meals superimpose on resistance-training muscle adaptations in older adults? A randomized clinical trial","volume":"162","author":"Radaelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104098","article-title":"Independent and combined effect of home-based progressive resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass and physical function in dynapenic older adults with low protein intake: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Nobre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.6.947","article-title":"Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly persons","volume":"90","author":"Chin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz084","article-title":"A Phase I Randomized Clinical Trial of Evidence-Based, Pragmatic Interventions to Improve Functional Recovery After Hospitalization in Geriatric Patients","volume":"74","author":"Deer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3109\/13685538.2011.565091","article-title":"Soy protein based supplementation supports metabolic effects of resistance training in previously untrained middle aged males","volume":"14","author":"Deibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.02.006","article-title":"Protein Supplementation Augments Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy but Does Not Modulate Satellite Cell Content During Prolonged Resistance-Type Exercise Training in Frail Elderly","volume":"18","author":"Dirks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0182","article-title":"The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation in older adults during resistance training","volume":"24","author":"Duff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520001932","article-title":"Effects of slow- v. fast-digested protein supplementation combined with mixed power training on muscle function and functional capacities in older men","volume":"125","author":"Dulac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00924.2016","article-title":"Lower limb explosive strength capacity in elderly women: Effects of resistance training and healthy diet","volume":"123","author":"Edholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982622","article-title":"The effects of creatine and whey protein supplementation on body composition in men aged 48 to 72 years during resistance training","volume":"12","author":"Eliot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx141","article-title":"Nutritional Supplementation With Physical Activity Improves Muscle Composition in Mobility-Limited Older Adults, The VIVE2 Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"73","author":"Englund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000243570.78570.f7","article-title":"Effects of soy protein isolate and moderate exercise on bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.05.003","article-title":"Effect of protein intake beyond habitual intakes following resistance training on cardiometabolic risk disease parameters in pre-conditioned older women","volume":"110","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406233302501","article-title":"Exercise Training and Nutritional Supplementation for Physical Frailty in Very Elderly People","volume":"330","author":"Fiatarone","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0936-x","article-title":"Effect of Structured Physical Activity and Nutritional Supplementation on Physical Function in Mobility-Limited Older Adults: Results from the VIVE2 Randomized Trial","volume":"21","author":"Fielding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2022.10.009","article-title":"Effects of multidomain interventions on skeletal muscle architecture and function in pre-frail older women: The WiiProtein study","volume":"48","author":"Filho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flodin, L., Cederholm, T., Saaf, M., Samnegard, E., Ekstrom, W., Al-Ani, A.N., and Hedstrom, M. (2015). Effects of protein-rich nutritional supplementation and bisphosphonates on body composition, handgrip strength and health-related quality of life after hip fracture: A 12-month randomized controlled study. BMC Geriatr., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0144-7"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa104","article-title":"Effect of lean red meat combined with a multicomponent exercise program on muscle and cognitive function in older adults: A 6-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"112","author":"Formica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-016-9671-7","article-title":"Twelve weeks\u2019 progressive resistance training combined with protein supplementation beyond habitual intakes increases upper leg lean tissue mass, muscle strength and extended gait speed in healthy older women","volume":"18","author":"Francis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geu074","article-title":"The impact of six months strength training, nutritional supplementation or cognitive training on DNA damage in institutionalised elderly","volume":"30","author":"Franzke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.03.001","article-title":"The effect of six months of elastic band resistance training, nutritional supplementation or cognitive training on chromosomal damage in institutionalized elderly","volume":"65","author":"Franzke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujie, S., Horii, N., Kajimoto, H., Yamazaki, H., Inoue, K., Iemitsu, K., Uchida, M., Arimitsu, T., Shinohara, Y., and Sanada, K. (2025). Impact of resistance training and chicken intake on vascular and muscle health in elderly women. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 16.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70153"},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"101","article-title":"Whey Protein Supplementation in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing a Resistance Training Program: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Furtado","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519001831","article-title":"Protein supplementation combined with low-intensity resistance training in geriatric medical patients during and after hospitalisation: A randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial","volume":"122","author":"Gade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001404","article-title":"Nil Whey Protein Effect on Glycemic Control after Intense Mixed-Mode Training in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Gaffney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galbreath, M., Campbell, B., LaBounty, P., Bunn, J., Dove, J., Harvey, T., Hudson, G., Gutierrez, J.L., Levers, K., and Galvan, E. (2018). Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081070"},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effect Evaluation of Diet and Exercises Mode Adjustment in Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Rec."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of Conducting a 6-month long Home-based Exercise Program with Protein Supplementation in Elderly Community-dwelling Individuals with Heart Failure","volume":"2","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiother. Phys. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-018-1372-6","article-title":"Changes in health parameters in older lay volunteers who delivered a lifestyle-based program to frail older people at home","volume":"130","author":"Grabovac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granic, A., Hurst, C., Dismore, L., Stevenson, E., Sayer, A.A., and Aspray, T. (2020). Feasibility and acceptability of a milk and resistance exercise intervention to improve muscle function in community-dwelling older adults (MIlkMAN): Pilot study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235952"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111651","article-title":"Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on skeletal muscle strength, mass, physical function, and hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy active older men: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"158","author":"Griffen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.03.030","article-title":"Effect of Sit-to-Stand Exercises Combined With Protein-Rich Oral Supplementation in Older Persons: The Older Person\u2019s Exercise and Nutrition Study","volume":"21","author":"Gronstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.09.011","article-title":"Four-month course of soluble milk proteins interacts with exercise to improve muscle strength and delay fatigue in elderly participants","volume":"15","author":"Gryson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64666-5","article-title":"Identification of metabolites associated with preserved muscle volume after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to high protein supplementation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Gusdon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haider, S., Dorner, T.E., Luger, E., Kapan, A., Titze, S., Lackinger, C., and Schindler, K.E. (2017). Impact of a Home-Based Physical and Nutritional Intervention Program Conducted by Lay-Volunteers on Handgrip Strength in Prefrail and Frail Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169613"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamarsland, H., Johansen, M.K., Seeberg, F., Brochmann, M., Garthe, I., Benestad, H.B., and Raastad, T. (2019). Native Whey Induces Similar Adaptation to Strength Training as Milk, despite Higher Levels of Leucine, in Elderly Individuals. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092094"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C.Y., Crotty, M., Thomas, S., Cameron, I.D., Whitehead, C., Kurrle, S., Mackintosh, S., and Miller, M. (2021). Effect of Individual Nutrition Therapy and Exercise Regime on Gait Speed, Physical Function, Strength and Balance, Body Composition, Energy and Protein, in Injured, Vulnerable Elderly: A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial (INTERACTIVE). Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093182"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"116","article-title":"The Impact of Intensive Nutrition Combined with Resistance Exercise Training on Muscle Function and Inflammatory Factors in Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Innov. Chin."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00377.x","article-title":"The effect of dietary supplementation in continuing-care elderly people: Nutritional, anthropometric and biochemical parameters","volume":"6","author":"Hankey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.01.019","article-title":"Beef and soy-based food supplements differentially affect serum lipoprotein-lipid profiles because of changes in carbohydrate intake and novel nutrient intake ratios in older men who resistive-train","volume":"54","author":"Haub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.3.511","article-title":"Effect of protein source on resistive-training-induced changes in body composition and muscle size in older men","volume":"76","author":"Haub","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"44","article-title":"Observation on the Clinical Effect of Dietary Nutrition Intervention Combined with Anti-resistance Training in Elderly Male Patients with Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Healthc."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.07.010","article-title":"Early nutritional support and physiotherapy improved long-term self-sufficiency in acutely ill older patients","volume":"31","author":"Hegerova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3344-8","article-title":"Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle quality and circulating muscle growth and degradation factors of institutionalized elderly women: The Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS)","volume":"116","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00935.2007","article-title":"Protein-containing nutrient supplementation following strength training enhances the effect on muscle mass, strength, and bone formation in postmenopausal women","volume":"105","author":"Holm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy169","article-title":"Protein Supplementation after Exercise and before Sleep Does Not Further Augment Muscle Mass and Strength Gains during Resistance Exercise Training in Active Older Men","volume":"148","author":"Holwerda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.21-102","article-title":"The Effects of an Oral Nutritional Supplement with Whey Peptides and Branched-Chain Amino Acids for Cardiac Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"62","author":"Hotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0855-9","article-title":"Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1599-1","article-title":"Effects of Exercise Alone or in Combination with High-Protein Diet on Muscle Function, Aerobic Capacity, and Physical Function in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijge.2016.02.005","article-title":"Low-frequency Exercise and Vitamin D Supplementation Reduce Falls Among Institutionalized Frail Elderly","volume":"10","author":"Imaoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S229034","article-title":"Effect of Multicomponent Exercise and Nutrition Support on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Imaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2021.1886222","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Pilot Exercise and Protein Effectiveness Supplementation Study (EXPRESS) on Reducing Frailty Risk in Community-Dwelling Older People","volume":"40","author":"Jadczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PY24197","DOI":"10.1071\/PY24197","article-title":"Effect of a combined exercise and nutrition program on sarcopenia in older adults: A randomised controlled trial in primary care","volume":"31","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. J. Prim. Health"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, S.W., Ji, Y.B., Go, J., Lee, C.K., Yu, S.S., Lee, E.J., Jung, H.W., and Jang, I.Y. (2025). Effect of Exercise and Nutrition Intervention for Older Adults with Impaired Physical Function with Preserved Muscle Mass (Functional Sarcopenia): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin. Interv. Aging, 161\u2013170.","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S494781"},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"3383","article-title":"Effectiveness evaluation ofnutrition sports treatment for sarcopenia in elderly","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"99","article-title":"Effect of comprehensive intervention on quality of life and prognosis of patients with sarcopenia","volume":"26","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mod. Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jyvakorpi, S.K., Niskanen, R.T., Markkanen, M., Salminen, K., Sibakov, T., Lehtonen, K.M., Kunvik, S., Pitkala, K.H., Turpeinen, A.M., and Suominen, M.H. (2023). Effect of Milk Fat Globule Membrane- and Protein-Containing Snack Product on Physical Performance of Older Women-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132922"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.03.012","article-title":"Effects of whey protein nutritional supplement on muscle function among community-dwelling frail older people: A multicenter study in China","volume":"83","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Kim, N., Choi, Y.J., Lee, Y., Yun, J., Park, S.J., Park, H.S., Chung, Y.S., and Park, Y.K. (2020). Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass in Healthy Korean Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061816"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.08.009","article-title":"Fear of falling reduced by a lay led home-based program in frail community-dwelling older adults: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Kapan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0442-y","article-title":"Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocal(R)) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: A randomized, double-blind controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Karelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4027","article-title":"Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Parameters in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia-One-Year Results of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST)","volume":"35","author":"Kemmler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemmler, W., Kohl, M., Jakob, F., Engelke, K., and von Stengel, S. (2020). Effects of High Intensity Dynamic Resistance Exercise and Whey Protein Supplements on Osteosarcopenia in Older Men with Low Bone and Muscle Mass. Final Results of the Randomized Controlled FrOST Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082341"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3662-z","article-title":"Whole-body electromyostimulation to fight sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women at risk. Resultsof the randomized controlled FORMOsA-sarcopenic obesity study","volume":"27","author":"Kemmler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S137987","article-title":"Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation favorably affect sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older men at risk: The randomized controlled FranSO study","volume":"12","author":"Kemmler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.K., Suzuki, T., Kim, M., Kojima, N., Ota, N., Shimotoyodome, A., Hase, T., Hosoi, E., and Yoshida, H. (2015). Effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on body composition, physical function, and hematological parameters in community-dwelling frail Japanese women: A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled, follow-up trial. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116256"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, B., Mooney, K., Amirabdollahian, F., and Khaiyat, O. (2019). Exercise and Dietary-Protein as a Countermeasure to Skeletal Muscle Weakness: Liverpool Hope University\u2014Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU-SAT). Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00445"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04293-5","article-title":"Effects of exercise and whey protein on muscle mass, fat mass, myoelectrical muscle fatigue and health-related quality of life in older adults: A secondary analysis of the Liverpool Hope University-Sarcopenia Ageing Trial (LHU-SAT)","volume":"120","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100204","article-title":"The effect of lesser mealworm protein on exercise-induced muscle damage in active older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Koopmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100364","article-title":"Daily supplementation of lesser mealworm protein for 11-weeks increases skeletal muscle mass in physically active older adults","volume":"28","author":"Koopmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korzepa, M., Quinlan, J.I., Marshall, R.N., Rogers, L.M., Belfield, A.E., Elhassan, Y.S., Lawson, A., Ayre, C., Senden, J.M., and Goessens, J.P. (2025). Resistance training increases myofibrillar protein synthesis in middle-to-older aged adults consuming a typical diet with no influence of protein source: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.04.019"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.12.004","article-title":"The effects of a combined bodyweight-based and elastic bands resistance training, with or without protein supplementation, on muscle mass, signaling and heat shock response in healthy older people","volume":"115","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0776-y","article-title":"Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Kukuljan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00392.2009","article-title":"Effects of resistance exercise and fortified milk on skeletal muscle mass, muscle size, and functional performance in middle-aged and older men: An 18-mo randomized controlled trial","volume":"107","author":"Kukuljan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206392","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2023.2206392","article-title":"Dietary collagen peptides alleviate exercise-induced muscle soreness in healthy middle-aged males: A randomized double-blinded crossover clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Kuwaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.12.005","article-title":"Effects of a combined physical training and nutrition intervention on physical performance and health-related quality of life in prefrail older women living in the community: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00397-y","article-title":"The effects of resistance training with or without peanut protein supplementation on skeletal muscle and strength adaptations in older individuals","volume":"17","author":"Lamb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.0142","article-title":"Combined effect of dietary supplementation with pressurized whey and exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Laviolette","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318272fcdb","article-title":"Protein supplementation during resistance-type exercise training in the elderly","volume":"45","author":"Leenders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_246","unstructured":"Li, D.T., and Wang, X.W. (2021). Effects of Intensive Nutrition Combined with Resistance Exercise for Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.72.76","article-title":"A combined health promotion program of exercise with protein and vitamin D-enriched menu enhances skeletal muscle mass and strength in Japanese elderly men","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Investig."},{"key":"ref_248","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of nutrition intervention and physical exercise on muscle mass and body fat among community elderly with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"53","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention on Myasthenia Gravis in the Elderly","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Guid. China Med."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0643","article-title":"Effects of nutrition supplementation and physical exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"38","article-title":"Effect of nutrition intervention combined with anti-resistance exercise on patients with secondary sarcopenia caused by stroke","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Conval. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"92","article-title":"Effect of Nutritional Intervention Combined with Resistance Exercise on Senile Sarcopenia","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Kunming Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.D., Liao, Y.H., Liou, T.H., Hsieh, C.Y., Kuo, Y.C., and Chen, H.C. (2021). Effects of Protein-Rich Nutritional Composition Supplementation on Sarcopenia Indices and Physical Activity during Resistance Exercise Training in Older Women with Knee Osteoarthritis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082487"},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"50","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Dietary Nutritional Intervention Combined with Resistance Training in Elderly Male Patients with Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Healthc."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-182574","article-title":"Soymilk ingestion immediately after therapeutic exercise enhances rehabilitation outcomes in chronic stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afaf010","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf010","article-title":"Nutrition supplementation combined with exercise versus exercise alone in treating knee osteoarthritis: A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.07.011","article-title":"Soy isoflavones, diet and physical exercise modify serum cytokines in healthy obese postmenopausal women","volume":"18","author":"Llaneza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_258","first-page":"5","article-title":"Efficacy of comprehensive intervention for senile sarcopenia under the guidance of comprehensive geriatric assessment","volume":"8","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geriatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"18","article-title":"ffect of Progressive Resistance Training Combined with Dietary Guidance in Elderly Patients with T2DM and Sarcopenia","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Qilu Nurs."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220234","article-title":"Effects of a 6-Month Multifaceted Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cognition in Older Adults at Risk of Cognitive Decline: The PONDER Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial","volume":"89","author":"Macpherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2006.10.001","article-title":"Effects of soy protein and resistance exercise on body composition and blood lipids in postmenopausal women","volume":"56","author":"Maesta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-8-8","article-title":"Effects of diet type and supplementation of glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM on body composition, functional status, and markers of health in women with knee osteoarthritis initiating a resistance-based exercise and weight loss program","volume":"8","author":"Wilborn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.04.010","article-title":"Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on sarcopenia and recovery in hip fracture patients. A multi-centre randomized trial","volume":"101","author":"Malafarina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001255","article-title":"The Effect of Resistance Training and Different Sources of Postexercise Protein Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Physical Capacity in Sarcopenic Elderly Men","volume":"30","author":"Maltais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda, T., Suzuki, H., Sugano, Y., Suzuki, Y., Yamanaka, D., Araki, R., Yahagi, N., Sekiya, M., Kawakami, Y., and Osaki, Y. (2022). Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Skeletal Muscle, Glycemic Control, and Neuropsychological Performance in Elderly Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193917"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E900","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00574.2020","article-title":"Higher protein intake during resistance training does not potentiate strength, but modulates gut microbiota, in middle-aged adults: A randomized control trial","volume":"320","author":"McKenna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memelink, R.G., Pasman, W.J., Bongers, A., Tump, A., van Ginkel, A., Tromp, W., Wopereis, S., Verlaan, S., de Vogel-van den Bosch, J., and Weijs, P.J.M. (2021). Effect of an Enriched Protein Drink on Muscle Mass and Glycemic Control during Combined Lifestyle Intervention in Older Adults with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-Blind RCT. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010064"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01937.x","article-title":"Body composition in elderly men: Effect of dietary modification during strength training","volume":"40","author":"Meredith","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa372","article-title":"The effect of daily protein supplementation, with or without resistance training for 1 year, on muscle size, strength, and function in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"113","author":"Mertz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13498","article-title":"Beneficial effects of exercise, testosterone, vitamin D, calcium and protein in older men\u2014A randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Midttun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14299","article-title":"Effects of whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training on glycaemic control, body composition, muscle function and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged and older overweight\/obese adults with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708505","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/708505","article-title":"Influence of weight loss, body composition, and lifestyle behaviors on plasma adipokines: A randomized weight loss trial in older men and women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"2012","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.139","article-title":"Intensive weight loss program improves physical function in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cr942oa","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation and resistance training in nutritionally at risk older adults following lower limb fracture: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426505020005569","article-title":"Adherence to nutrition supplements among patients with a fall-related lower limb fracture","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00803.2017","article-title":"Impact of dairy protein during limb immobilization and recovery on muscle size and protein synthesis; a randomized controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_277","first-page":"A03220185","article-title":"High-protein diet during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"69","author":"Mogelberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr120","article-title":"The effects of a higher protein intake during energy restriction on changes in body composition and physical function in older women","volume":"66","author":"Mojtahedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.103.2016.3.12","article-title":"Special nutrition intervention is required for muscle protective efficacy of physical exercise in elderly people at highest risk of sarcopenia","volume":"103","author":"Molnar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of Timing of Whey Protein Supplementation After Resistance Exercise onThe Treatment of Sarcopenia Among Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"41","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Descente Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.72.12","article-title":"Effect of Nutritional Care and Whey Protein Supplementation on the Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Adults after Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise","volume":"72","author":"Mori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jap J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13499","article-title":"Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the muscle mass and physical function of healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_283","first-page":"207","article-title":"Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the treatment of sarcopenia and quality of life among older women with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Phys. Fit. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1853-1","article-title":"De-Training Effects Following Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 24 Weeks of Follow-Up","volume":"26","author":"Mori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-017-0589-x","article-title":"Effects of dried tofu supplementation during interval walking training on the methylation of the NFKB2 gene in the whole blood of older women","volume":"68","author":"Morikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyama, S., Yamada, Y., Makabe, N., Fujita, H., Araki, A., Suzuki, A., Seino, Y., Shide, K., Kimura, K., and Murotani, K. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of 6-Month High Dietary Protein Intake in Hospitalized Adults Aged 75 or Older at Nutritional Risk: An Exploratory, Randomized, Controlled Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092024"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.09.029","article-title":"A multimodal nutritional intervention after discharge improves quality of life and physical function in older patients\u2014A randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Munk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs078","article-title":"Clinical benefits of oral nutritional supplementation for elderly hip fracture patients: A single blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Myint","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.04.007","article-title":"Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on body composition, muscular strength, functional capacity, and plasma-metabolism biomarkers in older women with sarcopenic obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Nabuco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_290","first-page":"545","article-title":"Effects of Protein Intake Beyond Habitual Intakes Associated With Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Parameters, Isokinetic Strength, and Body Composition in Older Women","volume":"27","author":"Nabuco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabuco, H.C.G., Tomeleri, C.M., Sugihara Junior, P., Fernandes, R.R., Cavalcante, E.F., Antunes, M., Ribeiro, A.S., Teixeira, D.C., Silva, A.M., and Sardinha, L.B. (2018). Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Pre- or Post-Resistance Training on Muscle Mass, Muscular Strength, and Functional Capacity in Pre-Conditioned Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050563"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.11.007","article-title":"Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on body fat and metabolic and inflammatory profile in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Nabuco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, N., Koyama, S., Maruyama, K., Maruyama, J.I., and Hasebe, N. (2024). Effects of Nutritional Support with a Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acid Supplement on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function in Stroke Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244264"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02302-4","article-title":"Effects of low-dose milk protein supplementation following low-to-moderate intensity exercise training on muscle mass in healthy older adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Nakayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2024-001076","article-title":"Comparative effects of integrated physical training with a high protein diet versus a regular protein diet in post-COVID-19 older men with sarcopenia symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Nambi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.06.017","article-title":"Nutritional, Physical, Cognitive, and Combination Interventions and Frailty Reversal Among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"128","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_297","first-page":"65","article-title":"Observation on the effect of exercise intervention for frailty in elderly patients with pre-frailty","volume":"26","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2017.1391732","article-title":"Whey Protein Supplementation Improves Rehabilitation Outcomes in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients: A Double Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Niccoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.07.006","article-title":"Effects of combination of whey protein intake and rehabilitation on muscle strength and daily movements in patients with hip fracture in the early postoperative period","volume":"35","author":"Niitsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, M.I., Mikhail, A., Lan, L., Di Carlo, A., Hamilton, B., Barnard, K., Hettinga, B.P., Hatcher, E., Tarnopolsky, M.G., and Nederveen, J.P. (2020). A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082391"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2022.09.012","article-title":"Effects of perioperative exercise therapy combined with nutritional supplementation on functional recovery after fast-track total hip arthroplasty","volume":"28","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.08.013","article-title":"Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical performance of institutionalised elderly\u2014A randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Oesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, G.S., Lee, J.H., Byun, K., Kim, D.I., and Park, K.D. (2022). Effect of Intake of Leucine-Rich Protein Supplement in Parallel with Resistance Exercise on the Body Composition and Function of Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214501"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy193","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the impact of protein supplementation on leg lean mass and integrated muscle protein synthesis during inactivity and energy restriction in older persons","volume":"108","author":"Oikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1330794","article-title":"Adding Soy Protein to Milk Enhances the Effect of Resistance Training on Muscle Strength in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"15","author":"Orsatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0864-1","article-title":"Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training Combined with Fortified Milk on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Osuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_307","first-page":"95","article-title":"Effects of integrated intervention on muscle mass and physical functions in the elderly individuals with possible sarcopenia in a community hospital","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mult. Organ. Dis. Elder."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S391700","article-title":"Protein-Added Healthy Lunch-Boxes Combined with Exercise for Improving Physical Fitness and Vascular Function in Pre-Frail Older Women: A Community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0934-x","article-title":"Effects of 1 year of exercise training versus combined exercise training and weight loss on body composition, low-grade inflammation and lipids in overweight patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized trial","volume":"18","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3720-x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the effect of supervised progressive cross-continuum strength training and protein supplementation in older medical patients: The STAND-Cph trial","volume":"20","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13481","article-title":"Protein-enriched soup and weekly exercise improve muscle health: A randomized trial in mid-to-old age with inadequate protein intake","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puente-Fernandez, J., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Roberts, J., and Naclerio, F. (2025). Effect of a Multi-Ingredient Post-Workout Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Muscle Strength\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Diet. Suppl., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2025.2488811"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327092.39422.3c","article-title":"Intensive nutritional supplements can improve outcomes in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"71","author":"Rabadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0064","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and protein during bed rest increases CD11b(+) skeletal muscle macrophages but does not correspond to muscle size or insulin sensitivity","volume":"45","author":"Reidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2017.1942","article-title":"Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined with Protein Ingestion Preserves Thigh Muscle Mass But Not Muscle Function in Healthy Older Adults During 5 Days of Bed Rest","volume":"20","author":"Reidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx259","article-title":"Effects of a Primary Care-Based Multifactorial Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Function in Frail, Elderly Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"73","author":"Orfila","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12532","article-title":"Improving rehabilitation in sarcopenia: A randomized-controlled trial utilizing a muscle-targeted food for special medical purposes","volume":"11","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.113357","article-title":"Whey protein, amino acids, and vitamin D supplementation with physical activity increases fat-free mass and strength, functionality, and quality of life and decreases inflammation in sarcopenic elderly","volume":"103","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(06)70045-9","article-title":"High-intensity functional exercise program and protein-enriched energy supplement for older persons dependent in activities of daily living: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Rosendahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324763","article-title":"Effects of a physical and nutritional intervention program for frail elderly people over age 75. A randomized controlled pilot treatment trial","volume":"20","author":"Rydwik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, C., Kamijo, Y.I., Sakurai, Y., Araki, S., Sakata, Y., Ishigame, A., Murai, K., Yoshioka, I., and Tajima, F. (2022). Three-week exercise and protein intake immediately after exercise increases the 6-min walking distance with simultaneously improved plasma volume in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease: A preliminary prospective study. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00429-x"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13016","article-title":"Effects of a multifactorial intervention comprising resistance exercise, nutritional and psychosocial programs on frailty and functional health in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized, controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"17","author":"Seino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0904-5","article-title":"Effects of Low-Dose Dairy Protein Plus Micronutrient Supplementation during Resistance Exercise on Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"22","author":"Seino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_324","first-page":"401","article-title":"Effectiveness of an intervention to prevent frailty in pre-frail community-dwelling older people consulting in primary care: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Sist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S46826","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise and protein supplementation intervention on body composition, functional fitness, and oxidative stress among elderly Malays with sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Shahar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/08952841.2013.764252","article-title":"Effect of soy isolate protein and resistance exercises on muscle performance and bone health of osteopenic\/osteoporotic post-menopausal women","volume":"25","author":"Shenoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Women Aging"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, A.L.S., Machado-Lima, A., Brech, G.C., Greve, J.M.D., Dos Santos, J.R., Inojossa, T.R., Rogero, M.M., Salles, J.E.N., Santarem-Sobrinho, J.M., and Davis, C.L. (2023). The Influence of Whey Protein on Muscle Strength, Glycemic Control and Functional Tasks in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Resistance Exercise Program: Randomized and Triple Blind Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105891"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spoelder, M., Koopmans, L., Hartman, Y.A.W., Bongers, C., Schoofs, M.C.A., Eijsvogels, T.M.H., and Hopman, M.T.E. (2023). Supplementation with Whey Protein, but Not Pea Protein, Reduces Muscle Damage Following Long-Distance Walking in Older Adults. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020342"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00066.2015","article-title":"Influence of combined resistance training and healthy diet on muscle mass in healthy elderly women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Strandberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.22.06436-X","article-title":"Resistance training with or without nutritional supplementation showed no influence on muscle thickness in old-institutionalized adults: A secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study","volume":"58","author":"Strasser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.05.008","article-title":"Effects of nutritional supplementation combined with low-intensity exercise in malnourished patients with COPD","volume":"104","author":"Sugawara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.07.001","article-title":"Effect of anti-inflammatory supplementation with whey peptide and exercise therapy in patients with COPD","volume":"106","author":"Sugawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0253","article-title":"Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Muscle Quality in Preconditioned Older Women","volume":"28","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507075206","article-title":"Effects of exercise and nutrition on postural balance and risk of falling in elderly people with decreased bone mineral density: Randomized controlled trial pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Swanenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_335","first-page":"2698","article-title":"Analysis of the Clincal Effect ofDietary Nutrition Intervention Combined with Resistance Training on the Cognitive Function of Elderly Male Patients with Sarcopenia","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progr. Mod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.01.019","article-title":"A Multicomponent Exercise Intervention that Reverses Frailty and Improves Cognition, Emotion, and Social Networking in the Community-Dwelling Frail Elderly: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"17","author":"Cabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12394","article-title":"Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Eijsvogels","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.01.018","article-title":"Muscle strength gains during resistance exercise training are attenuated with soy compared with dairy or usual protein intake in older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Thomson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.05.020","article-title":"Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Tieland","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad012","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad012","article-title":"Building resilience and reversing frailty: A randomised controlled trial of a primary care intervention for older adults","volume":"52","author":"Travers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302010000500020","article-title":"Influence of soy protein intake and weight training on the resting energy expenditure of postmenopausal women","volume":"56","author":"Trevisan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992)"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsurumi, T., Tamura, Y., Nakatani, Y., Furuya, T., Tamiya, H., Terashima, M., Tomoe, T., Ueno, A., Shimoyama, M., and Yasu, T. (2022). Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation during Hemodialysis Suppresses Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Patients with End-Stage Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Crossover Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216239"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16100","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.16100","article-title":"Effect of resistance training and chicken meat on muscle strength and mass and the gut microbiome of older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Uchida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.017","article-title":"Effects of an increased habitual dietary protein intake followed by resistance training on fitness, muscle quality and body composition of seniors: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Unterberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12219","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD","volume":"8","author":"Rutten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12634","article-title":"Blended home-based exercise and dietary protein in community-dwelling older adults: A cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.11.026","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Diet and Resistance Exercise Intervention on Muscle Health in Older Adults: ProMuscle in Practice","volume":"21","author":"Doets","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2022.11.013","article-title":"Combining exercise, protein supplementation and electric stimulation to mitigate muscle wasting and improve outcomes for survivors of critical illness-The ExPrES study","volume":"58","author":"Verceles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26626","article-title":"Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men","volume":"89","author":"Verdijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0229-6","article-title":"Effect of a high protein diet and\/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Verreijen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.090290","article-title":"A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D-enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Verreijen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumaran, R.K., Daly, R.M., and Tan, V.P.S. (2023). \u201cWe Want More\u201d-Perspectives of Sarcopenic Older Women on the Feasibility of High-Intensity Progressive Resistance Exercises and a Whey-Protein Nutrition Intervention. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1176523"},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.09.011","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training on Functional Strength and Muscle Mass in 70-Year-Old Individuals With Pre-sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Vikberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2821-1","article-title":"Periodized resistance training with and without supplementation improve body composition and performance in older men","volume":"114","author":"Villanueva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorup, J., Pedersen, M.T., Brahe, L.K., Melcher, P.S., Alstr\u00f8m, J.M., and Bangsbo, J. (2017). Effect of small-sided team sport training and protein intake on muscle mass, physical function and markers of health in older untrained adults: A randomized trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186202"},{"key":"ref_356","first-page":"467","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation Lactoalbumin Supplementation and Resistance Exercise on Nutritional Status and Health Level in Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia Syndrome: Level in Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hebei Med."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.Y., Xu, X., Gao, S.X., Wu, C.X., Song, Q., Shi, Z.H., Su, J., and Zang, J.J. (2022). Effects of Internet-Based Nutrition and Exercise Interventions on the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia in the Elderly. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122458"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.153619","article-title":"Whey protein supplementation does not affect exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults","volume":"142","author":"Weinheimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0454-7","article-title":"Whey protein and high-volume resistance training in postmenopausal women","volume":"19","author":"Weisgarber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_360","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Dietary education with customised dishware and food supplements can reduce frailty and improve mental well-being in elderly people: A single-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_361","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effects of intensive nutrition combined with resistance exercise on elderly patients with sarcopenia","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Lit."},{"key":"ref_362","first-page":"142","article-title":"Effect of comprehensive nursing intervention on geriatric patients with sarcopenia: A clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geriatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_363","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effect of FOCUS-PDCA model on quality of life and activity of daily living for elder patients with sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Xing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Her."},{"key":"ref_364","first-page":"165","article-title":"Application effect of precision nursing based on evidence-based concept in senile sarcopenia patients","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Her."},{"key":"ref_365","first-page":"595","article-title":"Effect of nutrition combined with exercise on stroke patients with sarcopenia","volume":"29","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rehabil. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13643","article-title":"Synergistic effect of bodyweight resistance exercise and protein supplementation on skeletal muscle in sarcopenic or dynapenic older adults","volume":"19","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.02.017","article-title":"Mail-Based Intervention for Sarcopenia Prevention Increased Anabolic Hormone and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults: The INE (Intervention by Nutrition and Exercise) Study","volume":"16","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_368","first-page":"1878","article-title":"Application of comprehensive evaluation mode combined with individualized diagnosis and treatment scheme in elderly patients with sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0570-4","article-title":"Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Muscle Mass and Activities of Daily Living in Elderly Rehabilitation Patients with Decreased Muscle Mass: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zak, M., Swine, C., and Grodzicki, T. (2009). Combined effects of functionally-oriented exercise regimens and nutritional supplementation on both the institutionalised and free-living frail elderly (double-blind, randomised clinical trial). BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-39"},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdzieblik, D., Jendricke, P., Oesser, S., Gollhofer, A., and K\u00f6nig, D. (2021). The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged, Untrained Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094837"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002810","article-title":"Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"Zdzieblik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_373","first-page":"995","article-title":"Application of resistance training combined with high milk protein nutrition in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pract. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_374","first-page":"196","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training Combined with High Milk Protein Nutrition on Muscle Tension and Quality of Life in Older Patients with Sarcopenia","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_375","first-page":"90","article-title":"Effect of health education and whey protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on the intervention of middle-aged and elderly people with sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_376","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Effects of cognitive-motor dual task training on cognitive and limb functions in elderly patients with sarcopenia","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_377","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effect of evidence-based nursing combined with resistance training on appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and psychological status in elderly patients with sarcopenia","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Integr. Tradit. Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_378","first-page":"100","article-title":"Effect of resistance movement combined with nutrition intervention on senile patients with sarcopenia","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Her."},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy179","article-title":"Effects of exercise and nutrition supplementation in community-dwelling older Chinese people with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_380","first-page":"375","article-title":"Effects of whey protein complex combined with low-intensity exercise in elderly inpatients with COPD at a stable stage","volume":"32","author":"Zong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/9\/1409\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:13:17Z","timestamp":1777608797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/9\/1409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":380,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18091409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18091409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}