{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:13:31Z","timestamp":1779167611925,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Heart transplant recipients are particularly at risk for micronutrient deficiencies due to chronic immunosuppression, metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal absorption disorders, and increased postoperative demand. Despite a growing body of evidence suggesting their clinical relevance, the prevalence, characteristics, and consequences of these deficiencies remain poorly defined. The aim of this review was to assess of selected micronutrient deficiencies in personnel after heart vaccination and risk factors for their control. Methods: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute\u2019s scope review methodology and presented in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (January\u2013February 2026) identified studies assessing micronutrient deficiencies in adult heart transplant recipients. Original publications, meta-analyses, and reviews available in full text in English were eligible for the review. Data extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers; using the PCC (Population\u2013Concept\u2013Context) model. Results: Of the 35 pre-identified records, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported deficiencies included iron, vitamin D, and B vitamins, and their incidence varied widely due to heterogeneous diagnostic criteria. Iron deficiency\u2014both absolute and functional\u2014was common and often associated with inflammation and impaired hepcidin regulation. Vitamin D deficiency persisted before and after transplantation and was associated with impaired bone health, inflammation, and a potentially increased risk of infection. Elevated homocysteine levels associated with low levels of folic acid and vitamin B6 have been identified as potential contributing factors to atherosclerotic and thrombotic complications. Limited evidence also points to deficiencies in iodine, zinc, and other trace elements. Conclusions: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among heart transplant recipients and can adversely affect immune system function, cardiovascular risk, and overall clinical outcomes. Routine evaluation and targeted correction of deficiencies should be considered in post-transplant care. Further prospective, multicenter, and interventional studies are needed to establish standardized diagnostic criteria and evidence-based supplementation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:15:07Z","timestamp":1778156107000},"page":"1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Micronutrient Deficiencies in Heart Transplant Recipients\u2014Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"\u0141awniczek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Habryka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3002-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Krupa-Nurcek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutawa, D.A., Almuammar, M., Elshafie, M.M., Aljuraiban, G.S., Alnafisah, A., and Abulmeaty, M.M.A. (2020). 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