{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:28:16Z","timestamp":1785432496877,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ckv2g77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine colostrum (COL) is widely used in dietary supplements, and previous studies have suggested its potential benefits for immune function, selected clinical conditions, wound healing, and athletic performance. This systematic review analyzed clinical trials published between 2001 and 2025 that investigated the effects of COL on human body fat and blood lipid profiles. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and study quality was assessed using Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. Thirteen studies were included. One study in older adults reported that COL supplementation at 60 g\/day for 8 weeks significantly reduced body fat percentage by 0.4% (p &lt; 0.05). Another study found that COL supplementation at 10 g\/day combined with plant proteins for 12 weeks significantly attenuated the increase in leg tissue fat percentage compared with placebo (PLA) (0.48 \u00b1 1.29% vs. 1.12 \u00b1 1.27%, respectively; p &lt; 0.05). Changes in blood lipid profiles were reported in two studies. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, COL supplementation at 10 g\/day for 4 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride levels in both men and women, by 8.27% vs. 7.62% and 11.96% vs. 21.46%, respectively. In another study involving older adults, COL supplementation at 30 g\/day for 12 weeks significantly reduced TC (5.88 to 5.38 mmol\/L) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (3.68 to 3.28 mmol\/L) compared with PLA. Owing to substantial methodological heterogeneity and inconsistent findings, further randomized, double-blind trials are needed in larger groups of overweight or obese participants, with intervention periods lasting at least six months. Future studies should use a standardized COL dose of 20\u201325 g\/day, controlled caloric deficits, and a four-arm design comparing placebo and COL under normocaloric and energy-restricted dietary conditions. Assessments should include blood metabolic biomarkers, body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, gut microbiome composition, and fecal short-chain fatty acids to determine whether any observed benefits are attributable to COL alone or to its combination with dietary intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"1579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Colostrum Bovinum Supplementation on Human Body Fat Content and\/or Blood Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Goluch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118\/120, 53-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6416-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering and Quality Analysis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118\/120, 53-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Wierzbicka-Ruci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Skawina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Sanitary and Epidemiological Station, Wa\u0142brzyska 15, 58-100 \u015awidnica, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dudkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Clinical Center of Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Endoscopy Department, T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital\u2014Emergency Medicine Center, Gen. August Emil Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.133652","article-title":"Premature Delivery Influences the Immunological Composition of Colostrum and Transitional and Mature Human Milk","volume":"141","author":"Castellote","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13594-015-0258-x","article-title":"Composition and Properties of Bovine Colostrum: A Review","volume":"96","author":"McGrath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Playford, R.J., and Weiser, M.J. (2021). Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010265"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Sun, Q., Chen, C., Wang, R., and Yan, W. (2024). A Review: The Effect of Bovine Colostrum on Immunity in People of All Ages. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132007"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2021.24.4.337","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Human Colostrum and Milk","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186115","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2186115","article-title":"Functional Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)","volume":"15","author":"Dinleyici","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nta\u015f, Y.M., Duman, H., L\u00f3pez, J.M.M., Portocarrero, A.C.M., Lombardo, M., Khallouki, F., Koch, W., Bordiga, M., El-Seedi, H., and Raposo, A. (2024). Revealing the Potency of Growth Factors in Bovine Colostrum. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142359"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzani, A., Xixi, N.A., Sokou, R., Karapati, E., Iliodromiti, Z., Volaki, P., Paliatsiou, S., Iacovidou, N., and Boutsikou, T. (2025). Factors Influencing the Colostrum\u2019s Microbiota: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101336"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofoli, F., Civardi, E., Pisoni, C., Angelini, M., and Ghirardello, S. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergic Properties of Colostrum from Mothers of Full-Term and Preterm Babies: The Importance of Maternal Lactation in the First Days. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194249"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szyller, H., Antosz, K., Batko, J., Mytych, A., Dziedziak, M., Wrze\u015bniewska, M., Braksator, J., and Pytrus, T. (2024). Bioactive Components of Human Milk and Their Impact on Child\u2019s Health and Development, Literature Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101487"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2024.106046","article-title":"Nutritional and Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of Freeze-Dried Cow, Sheep, Goat and Buffalo Colostrums","volume":"158","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320726","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2024.2320726","article-title":"Biochemical Properties of Sheep Colostrum and Its Potential Benefits for Lamb Survival: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Farooq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16235","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G Content and Colostrum Composition of Different Goat and Sheep Breeds in Switzerland and Germany","volume":"102","author":"Kessler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agradi, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabrera, M., Arg\u00fcello, A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Castellano, L.E., Castro, N., Menchetti, L., Brecchia, G., Vigo, D., Tuccia, E., and Curone, G. (2023). Colostrum Quality in Different Goat Breeds Reared in Northern Italy. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193146"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jrad, Z., Oussaief, O., Khorchani, T., and El-Hatmi, H. (2022). Camel Colostrum Composition, Nutritional Value, and Nutraceuticals. Research Anthology on Recent Advancements in Ethnopharmacology and Nutraceuticals, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-6684-3546-5.ch044"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan, A., Kaplan, M., Duman, H., Bayraktar, A., Ert\u00fcrk, M., Henrick, B.M., Frese, S.A., and Karav, S. (2021). Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.651721"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2022.07.001","article-title":"Colostrum Ingredients, Its Nutritional and Health Benefits\u2014An Overview","volume":"44","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties and Processing Characteristics of Camel Milk as Compared with Other Dairy Species: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Abduku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Dairy Food Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polidori, P., Rapaccetti, R., Klimanova, Y., Zhang, J.-J., Santini, G., and Vincenzetti, S. (2022). Nutritional Parameters in Colostrum of Different Mammalian Species. Beverages, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages8030054"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100705","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Oligosaccharides in the Milk of Human and Animals by Using LC-QE-HF-MS","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangild, P.T., Vonderohe, C., Melendez Hebib, V., and Burrin, D.G. (2021). Potential Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Pediatric Nutrition and Health. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082551"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2026, February 27). Pawan Gusain Global Colostrum Market Size, Share and Trends Analysis Report\u2014Industry Overview and Forecast to 2033. Available online: https:\/\/www.databridgemarketresearch.com\/reports\/global-colostrum-market."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karak\u00fclah, Y.S., Yal\u00e7\u0131nta\u015f, Y.M., Bechelany, M., and Karav, S. (2025). Clinical Applications of Bovine Colostrum in GastrointestinaI Disorders: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110673"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davison, G. (2021). The Use of Bovine Colostrum in Sport and Exercise. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061789"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2024.105996","article-title":"Bovine Colostrum: Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Evidence","volume":"157","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP46211","article-title":"Bovine Colostrum as a Biologic in Clinical Medicine: A Review\u2014Part II: Clinical Studies","volume":"46","author":"Struff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2023.105819","article-title":"Effects of 12 Weeks Colostrum Milk Supplement among Older Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"149","author":"Ooi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"34","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of a Multivitamin, Multimineral, Bovine Colostrum-Containing Supplement: An Open-Label Pilot Intervention Trial in Healthy Adult Women and Men","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106816","article-title":"Effects of the Colostrum-Containing Multi-Nutrient Dietary Supplement on Immune, Muscle, Bone, and Cognitive Function Parameters in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"128","author":"Dukaew","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200207000-00020","article-title":"Dose Effects of Oral Bovine Colostrum on Physical Work Capacity in Cyclists","volume":"34","author":"Coombes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.93","article-title":"Randomised Controlled Trial of Colostrum to Improve Intestinal Function in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Lund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.31351\/vol32issSuppl.pp104-109","article-title":"The Effects of Bovine Colostrum on the Stress-Hyperglycemia Ratio and the Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Exercise-Trained Healthy Subjects: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study","volume":"32","author":"Satmbekova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12288","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12288","article-title":"Twelve-Week Colostrum Bovinum Supplementation Supports Aerobic Capacity but Has No Effect on Body Composition in Endurance-Trained Males: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study","volume":"25","author":"Wochna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00552-9","article-title":"The Effects of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Active Men and Women","volume":"17","author":"Antonio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.12.4.461","article-title":"The Effect of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Elite Field Hockey Players","volume":"12","author":"Hofman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.06.015","article-title":"Impact of Differing Protein Sources and a Creatine Containing Nutritional Formula after 12 Weeks of Resistance Training","volume":"23","author":"Kerksick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0182","article-title":"The Effect of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Older Adults During Resistance Training","volume":"24","author":"Duff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.04.002","article-title":"Health-Promoting Effects of Bovine Colostrum in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Can Reduce Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Ketones","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"141","article-title":"Alleviation of Insulin Resistance and Liver Damage by Oral Administration of Imm124-E Is Mediated by Increased Tregs and Associated with Increased Serum GLP-1 and Adiponectin: Results of a Phase I\/II Clinical Trial in NASH","volume":"5","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.4.1144","article-title":"Effects of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Serum IGF-I, IgG, Hormone, and Saliva IgA during Training","volume":"83","author":"Mero","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"643","article-title":"The Effects of Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation on Performance and Training Adaptations during Ten Weeks of Resistance Training","volume":"20","author":"Kerksick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.250126","article-title":"Sex and Gender Differences in Obesity: Biological, Sociocultural, and Clinical Perspectives","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koceva, A., Herman, R., Janez, A., Rakusa, M., and Jensterle, M. (2024). Sex- and Gender-Related Differences in Obesity: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137342"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ethun, K. (2016). Sex and Gender Differences in Body Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Glucose Regulation. Sex Differences in Physiology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802388-4.00009-4"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J., Swallow, D.M., and Thomas, M.G. (2010). A Worldwide Correlation of Lactase Persistence Phenotype and Genotypes. BMC Evol. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-36"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V.K., Paul, S., and Dutta, C. (2017). Geography, Ethnicity or Subsistence-Specific Variations in Human Microbiome Composition and Diversity. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01162"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02489-1","article-title":"Therapeutics Effects of Bovine Colostrum Applications on Gastrointestinal Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Hajihashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, M., Arslan, A., Duman, H., Karyelio\u011flu, M., Baydemir, B., G\u00fcnar, B.B., Alkan, M., Bayraktar, A., Tosun, H.\u0130., and Ert\u00fcrk, M. (2022). Production of Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption to Improve Health. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.796824"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2024.2374488","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Spray and Freeze-Dried Bovine Colostrum Powder and Their Effects on the Nutritional and Functional Properties","volume":"27","author":"Fatima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/nu1020224","article-title":"Bovine Colostrum Supplementation During Running Training Increases Intestinal Permeability","volume":"1","author":"Buckley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0189-4","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and Exercise","volume":"14","author":"Kerksick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-005-0179-8","article-title":"Protein Metabolism and Strength Performance after Bovine Colostrum Supplementation","volume":"28","author":"Mero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2669-9","article-title":"Body Composition Changes by DXA, BIA and Skinfolds during Exercise Training in Women","volume":"113","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70456","article-title":"Comparison of DXA, BIA, and Anthropometry for Assessing Subcutaneous, Visceral, Liver, and Pancreas Fat Measured by MRI","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70063","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.70063","article-title":"Evaluation of Skinfolds Based Predictive Equations for Estimating Body Fat Percentage in Older Adults: A Comparison Using Digital Adipometer (Lipowise) and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0284","article-title":"Feasibility and Accuracy of Body-Fat Assessment Using Standardized Skinfold-Thickness Assessment Versus Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Paralympic Athletes","volume":"21","author":"Weijer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FB00256J","article-title":"Bovine Colostrum as a Promising Nutraceutical: A Systematic Review","volume":"2","author":"Ramani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehra, R., Garhwal, R., Sangwan, K., Guin\u00e9, R.P.F., Lemos, E.T., Buttar, H.S., Visen, P.K.S., Kumar, N., Bhardwaj, A., and Kumar, H. (2022). Insights into the Research Trends on Bovine Colostrum: Beneficial Health Perspectives with Special Reference to Manufacturing of Functional Foods and Feed Supplements. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030659"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1159\/000086977","article-title":"Serum Lipid Profile in Colorectal Cancer Patients with and without Synchronous Distant Metastases","volume":"68","author":"Notarnicola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2023.100270","article-title":"Global Serum Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analyses Reveal Lipid Perturbations and Potential Biomarkers of the Colorectal Cancer by Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02121-0","article-title":"Prognostic Potential of Lipid Profiling in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of Mass Spectrometry-Based Studies","volume":"23","author":"Takanashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagwe-Parab, S., Yadav, P., Kaur, G., Tuli, H.S., and Buttar, H.S. (2020). Therapeutic Applications of Human and Bovine Colostrum in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Distinctive Cancer Types: The Current Evidence. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01100"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasser, M., Lissner, R., Nawalaniec, K., Hsiao, L.-L., and Waaga-Gasser, A.M. (2020). KMP01D Demonstrates Beneficial Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Immune Cells: An Ex Vivo Preclinical Study of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00684"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsayed, A.R., Hasoun, L.Z., Khader, H.A., Basheti, I.A., and Permana, A.D. (2022). Bovine Colostrum Treatment of Specific Cancer Types: Current Evidence and Future Opportunities. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248641"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artym, J., and Zimecki, M. (2023). Colostrum Proteins in Protection against Therapy-Induced Injuries in Cancer Chemo- and Radiotherapy: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010114"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9747-2","article-title":"Inhibition of Intestinal Polyp Growth by Oral Ingestion of Bovine Lactoferrin and Immune Cells in the Large Intestine","volume":"27","author":"Iigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0208","article-title":"Effect of Orally Administered Bovine Lactoferrin on the Growth of Adenomatous Colorectal Polyps in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"2","author":"Kozu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-003-0856-5","article-title":"IGF-1R, IGF-1 and IGF-2 Expression as Potential Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Colorectal-Cancer","volume":"443","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gligorijevi\u0107, N., Dobrijevi\u0107, Z., \u0160underi\u0107, M., Robajac, D., \u010ceti\u0107, D., Penezi\u0107, A., Milju\u0161, G., and Nedi\u0107, O. (2022). The Insulin-like Growth Factor System and Colorectal Cancer. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081274"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.485","article-title":"Statistics Notes: Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence of Absence","volume":"311","author":"Altman","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power Failure: Why Small Sample Size Undermines the Reliability of Neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guberti, M., Botti, S., Capuzzo, M.T., Nardozi, S., Fusco, A., Cera, A., Dugo, L., Piredda, M., and De Marinis, M.G. (2021). Bovine Colostrum Applications in Sick and Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072194"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/10\/1579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:45:21Z","timestamp":1779356721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/10\/1579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18101579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18101579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}