{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:10:00Z","timestamp":1785409800852,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK131334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK131334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK122127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK122127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["K23 DK131334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK131334"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00adh9b73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["K23 DK122127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK122127"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00adh9b73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), a non-body image-based eating disorder, has been described in several chronic gastrointestinal diseases, but little is known about ARFID in celiac disease (CeD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). We aimed to identify the prevalence and characteristics of ARFID among adult and pediatric patients presenting for consultation of gluten-related disorders longitudinally. Methods: We reviewed 386 consecutive referrals (ages 2\u201382 y; 68% female) to a tertiary care celiac center from June 2019 to June 2022. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed CeD or were classified as NCGS based on gluten-related symptoms but negative serologies and histology. Masked coders applied DSM-5 criteria for ARFID at initial presentation and one-year follow-up visit. Results: Out of 386 patients, 253 had biopsy information and were included in the study. ARFID symptoms were present in 19% (47\/253) of patients at consultation and in 17% (22\/126) at follow-up. ARFID symptoms were equally present among patients with CeD and NCGS and were not associated with the presence or duration of a gluten-free diet, but patients with ARFID were more likely to be on a non-gluten-free diet at presentation. In multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having ARFID symptoms at consultation increased with a history of weight loss (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.36\u20136.30). Conclusions: We found that almost one-fifth of patients with CeD and NCGS had symptoms of ARFID at consultation. At follow-up, among a smaller cohort, ARFID prevalence remained similar, although some patients no longer had ARFID symptoms, and some had new ARFID symptoms develop. Further longitudinal research is needed to understand the risk and maintenance factors of ARFID in the context of CeD and NCGS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1779094587000},"page":"1585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Is Common in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7951-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Atkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blythe","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Staller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Braden","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethlehem","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen M.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Burton-Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002075","article-title":"American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines Update: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease","volume":"118","author":"Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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