{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:23:42Z","timestamp":1792038222528,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"University of Milan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSR-LINEA2-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSR-LINEA2-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PSR-LINEA2-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSR-LINEA2-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wjc7c48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008252","name":"University of Udine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2020-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ht0mh31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To assess the prevalence of eating disorder (ED) risk in a sample of Italian university students and to examine its independent associations with mental health indicators, self-rated health, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle behaviours, and engagement with digital food-related applications. Methods: Of the 2779 Italian university students who accessed the survey, 2691 completed and were included in the analysis. ED risk was assessed with the validated 5-item SCOFF questionnaire. Exposure included socio-demographics, BMI, depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), self-rated health, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Medi-Lite), smoking, alcohol use (AUDIT-C), and use of food delivery and food waste apps. Multivariable logistic regression models, stratified by sex, and adjusted by age and education, estimated associations with ED risk. Results: Overall, 34.6% of participants screened positive for ED risk (women 39.5%, men 21.8%). Smoking and use of food delivery apps and food waste apps were independently associated with ED risk. Clinically relevant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 \u2265 10) (aOR 3.37, 95% CI 2.82\u20134.02) and poor\/fair self-rated health (aOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.93\u20133.11) showed the strongest association. Overweight (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.03) and obesity (aOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.53\u20134.01) increased the likelihood of ED risk. Risky alcohol use was also associated (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.15\u20131.75). Conclusions: More than one in three Italian university students is at risk for an ED, highlighting a substantial public health concern. Strong links with depression, perceived poor health, digital food app use, and unhealthy behaviours underscore the need for early screening and integrated mental health and nutrition interventions within university settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1779094587000},"page":"1588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Eating Disorder Risk and Its Biobehavioural Correlates in Italian University Students: The UniFoodWaste Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9185-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"PhD National Program in One Health Approaches to Infectious Diseases and Life Science Research Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4315-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4546-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD National Program in One Health Approaches to Infectious Diseases and Life Science Research Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Igiene Alimenti e Nutrizione, Dipartimento di Igiene e Prevenzione Sanitaria, Agenzia di Tutela Della Salute (ATS) Brescia, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi, 15, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7405-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Stacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Healthcare Network, Health District \u201cToscana ASL Nord Ovest\u201d, Pisa, Via Fleming 1, 56025 Pontedera, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7565-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Garzitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0453-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Aging Unit, National Research Council, 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Colizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Gianfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of Eating Disorders over the 2000\u20132018 Period: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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