{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:10:28Z","timestamp":1792458628015,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a relevant cardio\u2013renal\u2013metabolic disorder in which chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress have a crucial function in linking insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, \u03b2-cell impairment, and progressive organ injury. In this context, nutrition has emerged as a key modifiable determinant of metabolic homeostasis, capable of influencing inflammatory signalling, redox balance, mitochondrial function, and gut microbiota\u2013host interactions. The objective of this review is to critically summarise the mechanistic connections among inflammation, oxidative stress, and diabetes progression, and to investigate how dietary factors and patterns, as well as nutrition-responsive biomarkers, influence these pathways and their cardiorenal consequences. We discuss the effects of macronutrient quality, dietary fibre, fatty acids, polyphenols, and specific micronutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, and magnesium, as well as the role of Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets in improving glycaemic control, endothelial function, and cardio-renal risk profiles. We also summarise established and emerging biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress that may improve risk stratification and the evaluation of nutrition-based interventions. Overall, current evidence supports a shift from a purely glucose-centred approach toward an integrated model in which dietary modulation of inflammatory and oxidative pathways helps reduce cardiovascular and renal risk. However, heterogeneity of interventions, variability in biomarker assessment, and interindividual differences in dietary response represent major limitations. Future research should focus on biomarker-informed, precision-oriented nutritional approaches integrated within contemporary cardio\u2013renal\u2013metabolic care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1779094587000},"page":"1592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dietary Modulation of Inflammatory and Oxidative Pathways in Type 2 Diabetes: Biomarkers and Cardiorenal Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Domenico","family":"Maida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy"},{"name":"Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Program, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario Luca","family":"Norrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Buccheri La Ferla Hospital, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Daidone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Program, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6135-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Pacinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Program, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Vutano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Cassataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Unit, Fondazione G. Giglio, 90015 Cefal\u00f9, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0413-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Dell\u2019Ajra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Ferrantelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Program, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Del Cuore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Cervello Hospital, A.O. Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Maurici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Unit, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, 95122 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Barone Lombardo Hospital, 92024 Canicatt\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Tuttolomondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes\u2014Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Hashim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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