{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:49:46Z","timestamp":1790711386400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STM.A100.17.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STM.A100.17.056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["STM.A100.17.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STM.A100.17.056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qpw1b93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Appropriate nutrition is a foundation for maintaining good health. Especially for young people, it determines the proper growth and development. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the dietary makeup of young adults and their body composition parameters. Methods: A total of 297 students of Wroclaw Medical University participated in the study. A questionnaire was administered to assess meal composition, and body composition, phase angle, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were evaluated. Results: The greatest differences were observed in the consumption of grains, animal protein, and dairy products. Meals consumed by males contained mostly animal protein and grain products, whereas females\u2019 meals contained more fruit and vegetables. Correlations were observed between dinner, supper and the extracellular water\/intracellular water (ECW\/ICW) ratio, fat, water, and muscle body content, with r~ \u00b1(0.134\u20130.163), and between the second breakfast and body mass index (BMI), and visceral fat level (respectively: \u22120.118; \u22120.149). Multivariate analysis indicated that consuming a balanced dinner has a significant impact on maintaining the appropriate proportions of body composition. Conclusions: Analysis of the results suggests that proper composition of meals is associated with a lower BMI, reduced fat content, increased muscle mass, and better body hydration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:36:40Z","timestamp":1779107800000},"page":"1602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Relationship Between Meal Composition and the Body Composition of Wroclaw Medical University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jaremk\u00f3w","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Markiewicz-G\u00f3rka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0987-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kraik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Pawlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Por\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Principles of Physical Activity, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Por\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Principles of Physical Activity, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8366-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Ga\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, November 20). Basic Principles of Healthy Nutrition for Children and Adolescents, Available online: https:\/\/ncez.pzh.gov.pl\/dzieci-i-mlodziez\/podstawowe-zasady-zdrowego-zywienia\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jarosz, M. (2021). Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Pyramid for Adults, National Food and Nutrition Institute."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, November 23). Healthy Eating Plate. Available online: https:\/\/nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu\/healthy-eating-plate\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2026, March 23). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: https:\/\/cdn.realfood.gov\/DGA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Rudnicka, A., and Ciborowska, H. (2018). Basics of human nutrition with elements of biochemistry. Dietetics. Nutrition of healthy and Sick Man, PZWL. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Catalani, F., Gibertoni, D., Lorusso, G., Rangone, M., Dallolio, L., Todelli, S., Lorenzini, A., Tiso, D., Marini, S., and Leoni, E. (2018, January 17\u201320). Consumption and adequacy of breakfast over a week in a sample of primary school children. Proceedings of the 51 Congresso Nazionale Societa Italiana di Igiene Abstract Book, Riva del Garda, Italy."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sto\u015b, K., Rychlik, E., Wo\u017aniak, A., O\u0142tarzewski, M., Wojda, B., Przygoda, B., Matczuk, E., Pietra\u015b, E., and K\u0142ys, W. (2021). Krajowe Badanie Sposobu \u017bywienia i Stanu Od\u017cywienia Populacji Polskiej, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH\u2014Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Badawczy."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"944","article-title":"Nutrition in a selected group of physicians","volume":"92","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Probl. Hig. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidor, A., and Rzymski, P. (2020). Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from Poland. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061657"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stok, F.M., de Ridder, D.T., de Vet, E., Nureeva, L., Luszczynska, A., Wardle, J., Gaspar, T., and de Wit, J.B. (2016). Hungry for an intervention? Adolescents\u2019 ratings of acceptability of eating-related intervention strategies. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2665-6"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"261","article-title":"Nutrition and nourishment status of Polish students in comparison with students from other countries","volume":"66","author":"Szczuko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalkowska, J., Wadolowska, L., Czarnocinska, J., Czlapka-Matyasik, M., Galinski, G., Jezewska-Zychowicz, M., Bronkowska, M., Dlugosz, A., Loboda, D., and Wyka, J. (2018). Reproducibility of a Questionnaire for Dietary Habits, Lifestyle and Nutrition Knowledge Assessment (KomPAN) in Polish Adolescents and Adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121845"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamulka, J., Wadolowska, L., Hoffmann, M., Kowalkowska, J., and Gutkowska, K. (2018). Effect of an Education Program on Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes toward Nutrition, Diet Quality, Lifestyle, and Body Composition in Polish Teenagers. The ABC of Healthy Eating Project: Design, Protocol, and Methodology. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101439"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk-B\u0119benek, E., Jagielski, P., Boles\u0142awska, I., Jagielska, A., Nitsch-Osuch, A., and Kawalec, P. (2020). Nutrition Behaviors in Polish Adults before and during COVID-19 Lockdown. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103084"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-10-2018-0656","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional behavior of Polish pupils and students","volume":"121","author":"Sawicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myszkowska-Ryciak, J., Harton, A., Lange, E., Laskowski, W., and Gajewska, D. (2019). Nutritional Behaviors of Polish Adolescents: Results of the Wise Nutrition\u2014Healthy Generation Project. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071592"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy333","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories and prevalence of meeting dietary guidelines during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"109","author":"Christoph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04928","article-title":"The independent association between diet quality and body composition","volume":"4","author":"Drenowatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudry, K.M., Ludwa, I.A., Thomas, A.M., Ward, W.E., Falk, B., and Josse, A.R. (2019). First-year university is associated with greater body weight, body composition and adverse dietary changes in males than females. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218554"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000557","article-title":"Eating frequency is inversely associated with BMI, waist circumference and the proportion of body fat in Korean adults when diet quality is high, but not when it is low: Analysis of the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV)","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0952-8","article-title":"Intake of water and different beverages in adults across 13 countries","volume":"54","author":"Guelinckx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Orysiak, J., and M\u0142ynarczyk, M. (2022). Recommendations for Proper Hydration Among Employees, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.06.010","article-title":"Dietary and lifestyle habits among university students at different academic years","volume":"44","author":"Zeinah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"79","article-title":"The role of nutrients in the regulation of body satiety","volume":"45","author":"Skotnicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Gedan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000982","article-title":"Exploratory analysis of meal composition in Australia: Meat and accompanying foods","volume":"20","author":"Sui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2026, March 26). What Time Are Meals Served?. Available online: https:\/\/ergsy.com\/information\/what-time-are-meals-served\/orphans\/26742\/26743."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5455\/rmj20221202084820","article-title":"Assessment of Nutritional habits among Mosul University Students regarding breakfast","volume":"48","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rawal Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Torrente, X., and Quintiliano-Scarpelli, D. (2020). Dietary Patterns of Breakfast Consumption Among Chilean University Students. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020552"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-98652017000600016","article-title":"Food intake of university students","volume":"30","author":"Bernardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. De Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"99","article-title":"Nutritional habits in Italian university students","volume":"51","author":"Teleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/111817","article-title":"Do nutritional behaviors depend on biological sex and cultural gender?","volume":"29","author":"Puch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, H.J., and Sulikowski, D. (2018). Of Meat and Men: Sex Differences in Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Meat. Front. Psychol., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00559"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105475","article-title":"Gender differences in meat consumption and openness to vegetarianism","volume":"166","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a4195","article-title":"Eating Habits and Dietary Intake: Is Adherence to Dietary Guidelines Associated with Importance of Healthy Eating among Undergraduate University Students in Finland?","volume":"23","author":"Suominen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-04-2019-0132","article-title":"Gender differences in taste and foods habits","volume":"50","author":"Lombardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"474","article-title":"Evaluation of diet quality of students according to their gender and nutritional knowledge","volume":"49","author":"Zaborowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bromat. Chem. Toksykol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2026, March 27). Women\u2019s and Men\u2019s Diets\u2014How Should They Differ?, Available online: https:\/\/ncez.pzh.gov.pl\/abc-zywienia\/dieta-kobiet-i-mezczyzn-czym-powinna-sie-roznic\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.17219\/pzp\/93097","article-title":"Evaluation of selected dietary habits among students of Medical University of Bialystok","volume":"9","author":"Kulesza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934674","article-title":"The anti-obesity and health-promoting effects of tea and coffee","volume":"70","author":"Sirotkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9821.1000301","article-title":"Review on health benefit and risk of coffee consumption","volume":"6","author":"Wachamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular evidences of health benefits of drinking black tea","volume":"13","author":"Rasheed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Tulin, H., Rakowska, A., Wywigacz, K., and Wodzis\u0142awska, A. (2023). Mental Health Care Practices Among Young POLES. Research Report, Faculty of Sociology and Education, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12082","article-title":"Breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and adolescents: An updated review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Blondin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara, R.M., Urchaga, J.D., Cabaco, A.S., and Moral-Garc\u00eda, J.E. (2020). The Quality of Breakfast and Healthy Diet in School-aged Adolescents and Their Association with BMI, Weight Loss Diets and the Practice of Physical Activity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082294"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Legarre, N., Flores-Barrantes, P., Miguel-Berges, M.L., Moreno, L.A., and Santaliestra-Pas\u00edas, A.M. (2020). Breakfast Characteristics and Their Association with Energy, Macronutrients, and Food Intake in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082460"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawalec, A., and Pawlas, K. (2021). Breakfast Frequency and Composition in a Group of Polish Children Aged 7\u201310 Years. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072241"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0752-7","article-title":"Association between breakfast composition and abdominal obesity in the Swiss adult population eating breakfast regularly","volume":"15","author":"Chatelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.08.021","article-title":"Nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight\/adiposity parameters in breakfast patterns compared with no breakfast in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2008","volume":"114","author":"Nicklas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63440-x","article-title":"Breakfast consumption, saturated fat intake, and body mass index among medical and non-medical students: A cross-sectional analysis","volume":"14","author":"Saintila","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000970","article-title":"Increased intake of fruits and vegetables in overweight subjects: Effects on body weight, body composition, metabolic risk factors and dietary intake","volume":"115","author":"Vessby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Gong, W., Li, J., Zhou, W., and Lin, L. (2025). Eating habits, nutritional status, and lifestyle correlates of body composition in Chinese university students: A cross-sectional study. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1668307"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1665","article-title":"Body composition changes differ by gender in stomach, colorectal, and biliary cancer patients with cachexia: Results from a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu\u010dan Nenadi\u0107, D., Radi\u0107, J., Kolak, E., Vu\u010dkovi\u0107, M., Novak, I., Selak, M., and Radi\u0107, M. (2022). Phase Angle Association with Dietary Habits and Metabolic Syndrome in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235058"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudarra-Garc\u00eda, N., P\u00e9rez-Mudarra, M., Ortu\u00f1o-Soriano, I., Bad\u00eda-Iborra, R., Vicente-Gal\u00e1n, M.J., Zaragoza-Garc\u00eda, I., Roque-Rojas, F., and Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez, F.J. (2025). Impact of Exams on Diet, Physical Activity, and Body Composition in University Students. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111929"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaremk\u00f3w, A., Markiewicz-G\u00f3rka, I., Hajdusianek, W., and Ga\u0107, P. (2022). Relationships between Body Composition Parameters and Phase Angle as Related to Lifestyle among Young People. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010080"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., and Deforche, B. (2014). Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-53"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/cfp0000047","article-title":"Family mealtime dynamics and food consumption: An experimental approach to understanding distractions","volume":"4","author":"Fiese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Couple Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113689","article-title":"The impact of environmental sounds on food reward","volume":"245","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/10\/1602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:16:07Z","timestamp":1779509767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/10\/1602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18101602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18101602","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}}}