{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:13:05Z","timestamp":1785420785642,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KGM1202612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM1202612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KGM1202612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM1202612"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ep23f07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02303805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02303805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-02303805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02303805"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009g8rq41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma represents a chronic inflammatory condition of the respiratory tract, where long-term bronchial inflammation serves as a primary driver of progressive airway remodeling. This complex pathology emerges from the intricate synergy between host genetic susceptibility and diverse environmental triggers, ultimately impairing pulmonary function. At the cellular level, asthmatic responses are orchestrated by a dynamic crosstalk among various immune and structural populations, including airway epithelial cells, T-lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells, which collectively perpetuate the inflammatory milieu. Although inhaled corticosteroids are the conventional cornerstone of therapy, their clinical application is frequently hindered by potential systemic toxicity and the emergence of steroid-resistant phenotypes. Consequently, botanical extracts derived from both aerial and underground plant organs have gained attention as versatile multi-target candidates capable of modulating the multifaceted pathophysiological networks of asthma. This scoping review critically synthesizes the pharmacological efficacy of these plant-based interventions in regulating pivotal signaling cascades, such as MAPK, NF-\u03baB, STAT3\/6, and GATA3. Based on a systematic literature search covering the period from 2005 to 2025, this study provides a focused quantitative analysis of preclinical literature from the last decade (2016\u20132025) to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo models employed to validate these therapeutic effects. The assessment reveals that the vast majority of current research continues to rely on crude botanical preparations, with only a limited subset of studies utilizing enriched fractions or fully characterized isolated compounds. This predominance of unrefined extracts underscores a significant gap in chemical standardization and highlights the necessity for more rigorous mechanistic validation. Ultimately, this paper outlines strategic pathways for translating preclinical findings into clinical practice, offering a robust framework for the development of standardized plant-derived interventions in asthma management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1779115231000},"page":"1604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harnessing Botanical Extracts for Asthma Therapy: A Scoping Review of Molecular Mechanisms and the Strategic Utility of Experimental Models (2005\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0438-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Hyeon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9304-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5291-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Won","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Ui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00138707","article-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary","volume":"31","author":"Bateman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3049","article-title":"The immunology of asthma","volume":"16","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many","volume":"15","author":"Fahy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3045","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Whitsett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15025","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.25","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"1","author":"Holgate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07204","article-title":"The development of allergic inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","article-title":"Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01030.x","article-title":"The sentinel role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis","volume":"242","author":"Holgate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes: The evolution from clinical to molecular approaches","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"371","article-title":"The role of regulatory T cells in IgE-mediated food allergy","volume":"23","author":"Palomares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2755","article-title":"IgE and mast cells in allergic disease","volume":"18","author":"Galli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2729","article-title":"Effector and regulatory B cells: Modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity","volume":"10","author":"Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.03.003","article-title":"Cytokine-producing B lymphocytes-key regulators of immunity","volume":"20","author":"Lund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090720","article-title":"The eosinophil","volume":"24","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071371","article-title":"Leukotrienes","volume":"357","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.07.006","article-title":"A role for eosinophils in airway remodelling in asthma","volume":"25","author":"Kay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5460.2013","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma","volume":"287","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.12.014","article-title":"Mast cells and inflammation","volume":"1822","author":"Theoharides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12675","article-title":"Mast cells in asthma--state of the art","volume":"46","author":"Bradding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.917305.x","article-title":"Mast cells in innate immunity","volume":"173","author":"Mekori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.169","article-title":"The role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"111","author":"Larche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.105712","article-title":"Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation","volume":"105","author":"Gleich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.09.002","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and allergic asthma","volume":"191","author":"Saradna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0295OC","article-title":"Alternative Macrophage Activation Is Increased in Asthma","volume":"55","author":"Girodet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraik, K., Tota, M., Laska, J., Lacwik, J., Pazdzierz, L., Sedek, L., and Gomulka, K. (2024). The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13151271"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, Y., Huang, M., and Yao, Y.M. (2022). Efferocytosis and Its Role in Inflammatory Disorders. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.839248"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0967-9","article-title":"Galectin-3 enhances monocyte-derived macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic granulocytes in asthma","volume":"20","author":"Erriah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.1564","article-title":"Corticosteroid resistance in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"131","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.01.025","article-title":"Inhaled Corticosteroids Safety and Adverse Effects in Patients with Asthma","volume":"6","author":"Heffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.11.925","article-title":"Herbal medicines for asthma: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Huntley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D.G., and Lightfoot, D.A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6040042"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6810","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15106810","article-title":"The roles of phytochemicals in bronchial asthma","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021258","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1021258","article-title":"Use of Natural Products in Asthma Treatment","volume":"2020","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155149","article-title":"Phytochemicals as treatment for allergic asthma: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action","volume":"122","author":"Jasemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373117","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5373117","article-title":"An Updated Comprehensive Review of Plants and Herbal Compounds with Antiasthmatic Effect","volume":"2024","author":"Rajizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.02.004","article-title":"MAPK\/NF-kappaB-dependent upregulation of kinin receptors mediates airway hyperreactivity: A new perspective for the treatment","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.12.013","article-title":"The transcription factor STAT3 is required for T helper 2 cell development","volume":"34","author":"Stritesky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.03.051","article-title":"Dynamic control of Th2 cell responses by STAT3 during allergic lung inflammation in mice","volume":"28","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.114","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of Th2 cell differentiation","volume":"88","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230220","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0220-2023","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase-guided drug discovery for post-viral and related types of lung disease","volume":"33","author":"Holtzman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1006OC","article-title":"Inhaled p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase antisense oligonucleotide attenuates asthma in mice","volume":"171","author":"Duan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6504","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6504","article-title":"Airway epithelium controls lung inflammation and injury through the NF-kappa B pathway","volume":"178","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2014.14.2.107","article-title":"Phellinus linteus Extract Exerts Anti-asthmatic Effects by Suppressing NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK Activity in an OVA-induced Mouse Model of Asthma","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brannan, J.D., and Lougheed, M.D. (2012). Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: Mechanisms, clinical significance, and treatment. Front. Physiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00460"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-3073","article-title":"Mechanisms of airway remodeling","volume":"144","author":"Hirota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113523","article-title":"Callicarpa japonica Thunb. ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by suppressing NF-kappaB activation and upregulating HO-1 expression","volume":"267","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"58","article-title":"N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated A549 cells through NF-kappaB and MAPK inactivation","volume":"31","author":"Yun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112369","article-title":"Myxopyrum serratulum ameliorates airway inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and OVA-induced murine model of allergic asthma","volume":"255","author":"Maruthamuthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.O., Lee, J.W., Lee, J.K., Song, Y.N., Oh, E.S., Ro, H., Yoon, D., Jeong, Y.H., Park, J.Y., and Hong, S.T. (2022). Black Ginseng Extract Suppresses Airway Inflammation Induced by Cigarette Smoke and Lipopolysaccharides In Vivo. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040679"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.W., Ha, J.H., Ji, Y., Jeong, S.H., Kim, J.H., Lee, J., Park, J.Y., Kwon, H.J., Jung, K., and Kim, J.C. (2021). Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Mucus Overproduction in a Murine Model of Ovalbumin-Challenged Asthma. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.614442"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.12.008","article-title":"Compound K ameliorates airway inflammation and mucus secretion through the regulation of PKC signaling in vitro and in vivo","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-016-0102-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br extract in vitro and in ovalbumin-induced mouse model","volume":"49","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.09.006","article-title":"Peucedanum japonicum extract attenuates allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting Th2 cell activation and production of pro-inflammatory mediators","volume":"211","author":"Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.12.043","article-title":"JAX2, an ethanol extract of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss, can prevent bronchial asthma by inhibiting MAPK\/NF-kappaB inflammatory signaling","volume":"57","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1830","article-title":"Physalis peruviana L. inhibits ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by attenuating the activation of NF-kappaB and inflammatory molecules","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112082","article-title":"Eriobotrya japonica leaf extract attenuates airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced mice model of asthma","volume":"253","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, T.Y., Lee, A.Y., Song, J.H., Lee, M.Y., Lim, J.O., Lee, S.J., Ko, J.W., Shin, N.R., Kim, J.C., and Shin, I.S. (2020). Scrophularia koraiensis Nakai Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation via Suppression of NF-kappaB and Enhancement of Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020099"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Z., Zhao, X., Wang, L., Huang, L., Yang, Y., Yin, X., He, L., Aga, Y., Kahaer, A., and Yang, S. (2024). Amelioration of Inflammation in Rats with Experimentally Induced Asthma by Spenceria ramalana Trimen Polyphenols via the PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010165"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116887","article-title":"Effects of total alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. on ovalbumin-induced asthma mice","volume":"318","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106520","article-title":"Shuteria involucrata alleviates OVA-induced asthma through the TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"183","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2171","article-title":"Pistacia weinmannifolia root exerts a protective role in ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a mouse allergic asthma model","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W.C., Wu, S.J., Yeh, K.W., and Liou, C.J. (2022). Gypenoside A from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Th2 Cell Activities in a Murine Asthma Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147699"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154946","article-title":"Total alkaloids of Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis bulbus ameliorate chronic asthma via the TRPV1\/Ca(2+)\/NFAT pathway","volume":"118","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116319","article-title":"Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. attenuates airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion by modulating the STAT6-STAT3\/FOXA2 pathway","volume":"173","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117426","article-title":"Melia azedarach L. reduces pulmonary inflammation and mucus hypersecretion on a murine model of ovalbumin exposed asthma","volume":"320","author":"Pak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117852","article-title":"Inula japonica Thunb. and its active compounds ameliorate airway inflammation by suppressing JAK-STAT signaling","volume":"183","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2016.3736","article-title":"Rosae multiflorae Fructus Hot Water Extract Inhibits a Murine Allergic Asthma Via the Suppression of Th2 Cytokine Production and Histamine Release from Mast Cells","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"3597","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma through the modulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway in an ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma mouse model","volume":"22","author":"Piao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111029","article-title":"Sophoricoside from Sophora japonica ameliorates allergic asthma by preventing mast cell activation and CD4(+) T cell differentiation in ovalbumin-induced mice","volume":"133","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113752","article-title":"Root extract of Angelica reflexa B.Y.Lee reduces allergic lung inflammation by regulating Th2 cell activation","volume":"269","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.V., Piao, C.H., Fan, Y.J., Yu, Z.N., Lee, S.Y., Song, C.H., Shin, H.S., and Chai, O.H. (2022). Artemisia gmelinii Extract Alleviates Allergic Airway Inflammation via Balancing TH1\/TH2 Homeostasis and Inhibiting Mast Cell Degranulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315377"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, Y.S., Song, J.H., Kim, H.S., Nam, H.H., Yang, S., Choi, G., Chae, S.W., Lee, J., Jung, B., and Kim, J.S. (2024). An Integrative Study of Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai in an Ovalbumin-Induced Murine Model of Asthma: The Effect on T Helper 2 Cell Activation. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040529"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.04.006","article-title":"Pistacia integerrima ameliorates airway inflammation by attenuation of TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-5 expression levels, and pulmonary edema by elevation of AQP1 and AQP5 expression levels in mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma","volume":"23","author":"Rana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2541","article-title":"Erythronium japonicum attenuates histopathological lung abnormalities in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma","volume":"37","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.12.008","article-title":"A standardized methanol extract of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae) reduces bronchial hyperresponsiveness and production of Th2 cytokines in a murine model of asthma","volume":"198","author":"Morel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2017.01.011","article-title":"Anti-asthmatic activity of osthole in an ovalbumin-induced asthma murine model","volume":"239","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.133","article-title":"Bupleurum chinense extract ameliorates an OVA-induced murine allergic asthma through the reduction of the Th2 and Th17 cytokines production by inactivation of NFkappaB pathway","volume":"91","author":"Bui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.017","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of Artemisia pallens in a murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma via modulation of biochemical perturbations","volume":"94","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.07.033","article-title":"Artemisia argyi attenuates airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic animals","volume":"209","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.016","article-title":"Anthriscus sylvestris root extract reduces allergic lung inflammation by regulating interferon regulatory factor 4-mediated Th2 cell activation","volume":"232","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.W., Ha, J.H., Shin, H.G., Jeong, S.H., Kim, J.H., Lee, J., Park, J.Y., Kwon, H.J., Jung, K., and Lee, W.S. (2020). Lindera obtusiloba Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Ovalbumin-Challenged Asthma. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070563"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.Y., Kim, J.W., Kim, J.H., Jeong, J.S., Lim, J.O., Ko, J.W., and Kim, T.W. (2022). Inner Shell of the Chestnut (Castanea crenatta) Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma Mouse Model. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102067"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112410","article-title":"Anti-asthmatic effects of Phlomis umbrosa Turczaninow using ovalbumin induced asthma murine model and network pharmacology analysis","volume":"145","author":"Pak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, C.J., Park, S.M., Lee, D.G., Yu, Y.E., Ku, T.H., La, I.J., Cho, I.J., and Ku, S.K. (2023). Adenophora Stricta Root Extract Alleviates Airway Inflammation in Mice with Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040922"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2024.2383254","article-title":"Camellia sinensis L. alleviates OVA-induced allergic asthma through NF-kappaB and MMP-9 pathways","volume":"28","author":"Pak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Cells Syst."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"539","article-title":"Hyssopus cuspidatus extract inhibited OVA-sensitized allergic asthma through PI3K\/JNK\/P38 signaling pathway and lipid homeostasis regulation","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.K., Do, J.W., Lee, S.K., Park, J.H., Kim, J.H., and Lim, H.B. (2025). Inhibitory Effects of Phellodendri Cortex Against Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in Ovalbumin-Induced Murine Asthma Model. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30081795"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Review-An overview of Pistacia integerrima a medicinal plant species: Ethnobotany, biological activities and phytochemistry","volume":"28","author":"Bibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520300202","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanol extracts from aerial parts of Korean salad plants","volume":"30","author":"Heo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2015.9.1.17","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Erythronium japonicum on the human breast cancer cell metastasis","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.031","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-nociceptive activities of an ethanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Brown","volume":"126","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.04.014","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the ethanol extract of Rosa multiflora Thunb. hips","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Yang, A.W.H., and Lenon, G.B. (2020). Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031006"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"7597596","article-title":"Radix Bupleuri: A Review of Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology","volume":"2017","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Li, M., Wang, L., Li, M., and Wei, J. (2023). Apiaceae Medicinal Plants in China: A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Bolting and Flowering (BF), and BF Control Methods. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202212.0272.v2"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.963","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of Physalis peruviana","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70483","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70483","article-title":"Phytochemicals, Extraction Methods, Health Benefits, and Applications of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) and Its By-Products: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.56.711","article-title":"Two new triterpenes from the Rhizome of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, and inhibitory activities of its constituents on human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118109","article-title":"Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai.: A review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics","volume":"328","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, M.E., Azam, S., Balakrishnan, R., Akther, M., and Kim, I.S. (2020). Therapeutic Potential of Lindera obtusiloba: Focus on Antioxidative and Pharmacological Properties. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121765"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-024-00220-8","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of ethanolic extract of Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill","volume":"40","author":"Rani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.04.014","article-title":"Local and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Sophora japonica L.: A review","volume":"187","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.01.025","article-title":"Callicarpa japonica Thunb. reduces inflammatory responses: A mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., He, T., Chang, Y., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., Bai, S., Wang, L., Shen, M., and She, G. (2017). The Genus Alnus, A Comprehensive Outline of Its Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22081383"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuyen, P.T., Xuan, T.D., Khang, D.T., Ahmad, A., Quan, N.V., Tu Anh, T.T., Anh, H., and Minh, T.N. (2017). Phenolic Compositions and Antioxidant Properties in Bark, Flower, Inner Skin, Kernel and Leaf Extracts of Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6020031"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.03.001","article-title":"Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Phlomis umbrosa Turcz extract","volume":"82","author":"Shang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01328-4","article-title":"Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of the genus artemisia","volume":"44","author":"Bisht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Ma, X., Zhao, M., and Zhao, C. (2013). Metabonomics study of the therapeutic mechanism of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and atorvastatin for hyperlipidemia in rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078731"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Hung, A., Li, M., and Yang, A.W.H. (2019). Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071667"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Yang, J., Sun, K., Park, S., Lee, J., Kim, S., Lyu, J.H., and Kim, H. (2024). Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Root Bark Improves Skin Barrier Function and Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313178"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719518","article-title":"Beneficial effects of green tea\u2014A review","volume":"25","author":"Cabrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.01.025","article-title":"Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don: A comparative review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"153","author":"Khyade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atazhanova, G., Ishmuratova, M., Levaya, Y., Smagulov, M., and Lakomkina, Y. (2024). The Genus Hyssopus: Traditional Use, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Properties. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13121683"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200188","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200188","article-title":"Involucrasin C, Anti-Inflammatory 2,3-Dihydro-1H-Indene Derivative from Chinese Dai Ethnic Medicine Shuteria involucrata","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114125","article-title":"A review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the Flos Inulae","volume":"276","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7621929","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7621929","article-title":"Phellodendri Cortex: A Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Pharmacokinetic Review","volume":"2019","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.06.002","article-title":"A bispecific antibody strategy to target multiple type 2 cytokines in asthma","volume":"142","author":"Godar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05534-8","article-title":"Beyond CAR-T: The rise of CAR-NK cell therapy in asthma immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Javan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-024-00916-4","article-title":"Phytochemical composition and green insecticides from Citrus aurantifolia fruit peels against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci","volume":"67","author":"Mostafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-025-01037-2","article-title":"Daphne jejudoenosis and its bioactive compounds protect kidney proximal tubular cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress","volume":"68","author":"Moon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-025-01017-6","article-title":"Anti-diabetic potential of anthocyanin-rich fractions from purple-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and their correlation with metabolite profiles","volume":"68","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/10\/1604\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:18:52Z","timestamp":1779509932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/10\/1604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18101604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18101604","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}}}