{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:45:36Z","timestamp":1785415536966,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission Project","award":["21010503600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21010503600"]}]},{"award":["21010503600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21010503600"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2026 Shanghai University of Sport Affiliated Athletics Sports School Education and Teaching Research Project for the Connotative Construction of Secondary vocational Education","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is closely associated with dysfunction of the gut\u2013brain axis. Exercise and diet exert neuroprotective effects on PD by regulating the gut\u2013brain axis, yet the overall mechanisms underlying this regulation remain to be systematically elucidated. This article reviews the characteristic changes in gut microbiota during the progression of PD and the pathological mechanisms involving gut\u2013brain axis dysfunction. It systematically outlines the intrinsic mechanisms by which gut microbiota modulate the onset and development of PD from the perspectives of metabolism, immunity and inflammation, neuroendocrinology, and the temporal and causal relationships between gut microbiota and PD. On this basis, the discussion focuses on the regulation of the gut\u2013brain axis through exercise to improve PD, with emphasis on remodelling the composition and diversity of gut microbiota, enhancing gut barrier and blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) functions, regulating immune and inflammatory homeostasis, upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors and promoting neuroplasticity, as well as the synergistic effects of exercise and diet. In parallel, the independent and synergistic effects of dietary interventions (e.g., high-fibre and Mediterranean diets) are discussed. In addition, the effects of different types of exercise on alleviating PD by regulating gut\u2013brain axis are analysed. This review aims to provide new insights and a scientific basis for the prevention and intervention of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:53:24Z","timestamp":1779371604000},"page":"1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms of Exercise-Mediated Regulation of the Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9140-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Men","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0401-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","article-title":"Non-motor features of Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Schapira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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