{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:06:01Z","timestamp":1785434761334,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82572947,32171136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572947,32171136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82572947,32171136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572947,32171136"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["192R1452900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192R1452900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia is an age-related syndrome characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impairing older adults\u2019 independence and quality of life. Given their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory properties, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have emerged as a promising nutritional strategy to mitigate this muscle degeneration. This review systematically synthesizes existing evidence regarding the association between n-3 PUFAs and sarcopenia. To capture the relevant literature, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang Data using a combination of subject headings and free-text terms. We supplemented primary search terms\u2014such as \u201cn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,\u201d \u201comega-3 fatty acids,\u201d \u201csarcopenia,\u201d and \u201cmuscle mass\u201d\u2014with mechanism-related keywords like \u201cinflammation,\u201d \u201cmuscle satellite cells,\u201d and \u201coxidative stress.\u201d We also manually screened the reference lists of the included literature. Our inclusion criteria encompassed interventional studies, observational studies, and high-quality reviews, while excluding conference abstracts, duplicate publications, and studies with incomplete data. This review first outlines the established biological mechanisms linking n-3 PUFAs to the pathological progression of sarcopenia, specifically detailing how these fatty acids improve muscle satellite cell function, suppress inflammation and oxidative stress, and ameliorate metabolic disorders. Next, we critically evaluate recent clinical studies and reviews, analyzing sources of study heterogeneity such as variations in sample size, intervention dose and duration, outcome measures, and baseline participant characteristics. We also highlight current research hotspots\u2014including specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), the gut\u2013organ axis, combined interventions, and precision nutrition strategies\u2014while emphasizing the functional differences between EPA and DHA to guide future intervention designs. Current evidence indicates that while n-3 PUFA supplementation can improve muscle strength and physical performance in older adults, its effects on muscle mass remain inconsistent. Addressing key research gaps, particularly the lack of standardized core outcome measures and unclear dose\u2013response relationships, is critical. Ultimately, future research must prioritize developing high-bioavailability formulations, conducting personalized trials based on baseline n-3 PUFA status, and deepening investigations into inter-organ networks to translate these nutritional insights into effective sarcopenia prevention and management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:14:52Z","timestamp":1779452092000},"page":"1660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Sarcopenia: Recent Advances and Mechanistic Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4603-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rengfei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. 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