{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:56:29Z","timestamp":1785426989211,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003712","name":"Korea Food Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E0210601-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0210601-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["E0210601-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0210601-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028jp5z02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-16069693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-16069693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-16069693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-16069693"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2020 Research Fund of the Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea","award":["4-2018-1215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2018-1215"]}]},{"award":["4-2018-1215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2018-1215"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044kjp413","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sung-Kil Lim Research Award","award":["DUCD000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUCD000002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and a significant cause of severe visual impairment. Intermittent fasting (IF) has demonstrated metabolic benefits. We investigated the association between IF and DR risk in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u20132018 aged \u226540 years who were diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes who had fundus photography and dietary pattern data. Participants were allocated to the IF (fasting for 24 h or skipping breakfast or dinner) and regular diet groups. Demographic, dietary pattern and clinical data, including DR prevalence, were compared between the groups. Multiple logistic regression assessed the association between IF and DR risk. Results: Of 922 participants, 831 followed a regular diet while 91 practiced IF. The participants in the IF group were significantly younger and more obese, had higher fat intake, and showed a lower prevalence of DR than those in the regular diet group (8.8% vs. 20.6%, p = 0.010). After adjusting for multiple covariates, including demographics, comorbidities, health behaviors, biochemical parameters, and nutritional intake profiles, IF was associated with a 70% reduced risk of DR (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12\u20130.65, p = 0.005). This association did not differ across subgroups (all p for interaction &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: IF was significantly associated with reduced DR risk in this study. Further studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of IF as a dietary intervention for DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:17:58Z","timestamp":1779812278000},"page":"1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intermittent Fasting and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy: Retrospective Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sejeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngjoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Heui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"SENTINEL Team, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9899-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Wan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0364-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bong-Soo","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0968-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Nutrition Research Group, Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Seungkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Severance Eye Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1668-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1962","article-title":"Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections from 2015 to 2030","volume":"41","author":"Bommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes 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