{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:03:12Z","timestamp":1780030992492,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031953","name":"Rohto Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031953","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dietary diversity, commonly assessed using the Shannon index, reflects dietary structure and food-group variety. However, whether dietary diversity is more closely associated with demographic characteristics or lifestyle-related factors remains unclear. Objective: To examine associations between dietary diversity based on 10 food groups and demographic and lifestyle-related factors among Japanese corporate employees. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 925 company employees aged 20\u201359 years. The Shannon index was calculated from 10 food groups. Associations with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), workplace location, occupation, household composition, home cooking, and lunch type were evaluated using analysis of variance, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Results: Dietary diversity was more closely associated with lifestyle-related factors, particularly household composition and home cooking, than with demographic characteristics. Individuals living alone exhibited lower Shannon index values than those living in multiperson households. Notably, home cooking was associated with greater dietary diversity among participants in multiperson households, whereas no such association was observed among individuals living alone. PERMANOVA analyses also suggested differences in dietary structure according to household composition. Conclusions: Household composition may influence dietary structure and may modify the association between home cooking and dietary diversity. These findings suggest that determinants of dietary diversity may be context-dependent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:03:27Z","timestamp":1779879807000},"page":"1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Household Composition May Modify the Association Between Home Cooking and Dietary Diversity Among Japanese Corporate Employees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Hiraiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Deguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6547-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihiro","family":"Ushiroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risako","family":"Yamamoto-Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumi","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2026, January 10). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025, Available online: https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kesari, A., and Noel, J.Y. (2026, January 10). Nutritional Assessment, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK580496\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W.C., Huang, Y.C., Lee, M.S., Doong, J.Y., Pan, W.H., and Chang, H.Y. (2022). The Combined Effects of Dietary Diversity and Frailty on Mortality in Older Taiwanese People. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183825"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otsuka, R., Tange, C., Nishita, Y., Kato, Y., Tomida, M., Imai, T., Ando, F., and Shimokata, H. (2020). Dietary Diversity and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041052"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalermsri, C., Ziaei, S., Ekstr\u00f6m, E.-C., Muangpaisan, W., Aekplakorn, W., Satheannopakao, W., and Rahman, S.M. (2022). Dietary Diversity Associated with Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases among Community-Dwelling Older People: A National Health Examination Survey from Thailand. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1002066"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111929","article-title":"Higher Dietary Diversity and Better Healthy Aging: A 4-Year Study of Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"168","author":"Hsiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00540-0","article-title":"Review of Diet Quality Indices That Can Be Applied to the Environmental Assessment of Foods and Diets","volume":"13","author":"Pedolin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.06.010","article-title":"Comparisons of Four Diet Quality Indexes to Define Single Meal Healthfulness","volume":"122","author":"Bullock","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30162-5","article-title":"Defining Diet Quality: A Synthesis of Dietary Quality Metrics and Their Validity for the Double Burden of Malnutrition","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz, D.L., Rhee, L.Q., and Aronson, D.L. (2025). Application of the Healthy Eating Index in a Multicultural Population: Introduction of Adaptive Component Scoring. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1511230"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz017","article-title":"Diet Quality Indices for Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review","volume":"77","author":"Trijsburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01565-X","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and human health: The main thesis and the evidence","volume":"406","author":"Monteiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iizuka, K. (2022). Is the Use of Artificial Sweeteners Beneficial for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus? The Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Sweeteners. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214446"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-017-0119-3","article-title":"The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Popkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iizuka, K., Yanagi, K., Deguchi, K., Ushiroda, C., Yamamoto-Wada, R., Ishihara, T., and Naruse, H. (2025). The Alpha and Beta Diversities of Dietary Patterns Differed by Age and Sex in Young and Middle-Aged Japanese Participants. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132205"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90286-0","article-title":"Family and Friends Produce Greater Social Facilitation of Food Intake than Other Companions","volume":"56","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz155","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Social Facilitation of Eating","volume":"110","author":"Ruddock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.05.006","article-title":"Family Meals among Parents: Associations with Nutritional, Social and Emotional Wellbeing","volume":"113","author":"Utter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0632-7","article-title":"Association of Dietary Variety with Body Composition and Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Elderly Japanese","volume":"20","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"R Core Team (2026). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medeiros, M.F.A., Silva, S.G.B., Teixeira, C.D., Lima, S.C.V.C., Marchioni, D.M., and Jacob, M.C.M. (2022). Assessment of Biodiversity in Food Consumption Studies: A Systematic Review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.832288"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63799-z","article-title":"Temporal Nutrition Analysis Associates Dietary Regularity and Quality with Gut Microbiome Diversity: Insights from the Food & You Digital Cohort","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003539","article-title":"Shared Meals among Young Adults Are Associated with Better Diet Quality and Predicted by Family Meal Patterns during Adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0567-y","article-title":"Frequency of Eating Home Cooked Meals and Potential Benefits for Diet and Health: Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"Mills","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.12.018","article-title":"Associations among Nine Family Dinner Frequency Measures and Child Weight, Dietary, and Psychosocial Outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Horning","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Kim, S.-J., and Kang, M. (2025). Comparative Study on Eating Habits and Health of Single-Person and Multi-Person Households. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327763"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115446","article-title":"Dietary behaviors and food waste typologies in single-person households using nationally representative data in South Korea","volume":"216","author":"Moon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Waste Manag."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/11\/1704\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:22:57Z","timestamp":1780028577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/11\/1704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18111704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18111704","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}