{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:02:23Z","timestamp":1780074143331,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Trobe University Understanding Disease Research Focus Area"},{"name":"Cobram Estate Pty. Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII\u00ae) is a commonly used tool to assess diet-related inflammation. Higher DII scores have been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in observational studies. However, evidence examining cardiovascular outcomes across DII levels in controlled settings remains limited. This secondary analysis examined cross-sectional differences and longitudinal associations between dietary inflammatory potential and cardiovascular outcomes in healthy Australian adults. Methods: This study used data from a double-blind randomised crossover trial, in which 50 participants consumed 60 mL\/day of either extra virgin high-polyphenol olive oil (HPOO; 320 mg\/kg) or low-polyphenol olive oil (LPOO; 86 mg\/kg) across two 3-week intervention periods, separated by a 2-week washout. Anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference, and BMI) and cardiovascular outcomes (i.e., blood pressure, lipids, oxidised LDL, and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity) were assessed at four timepoints. DII and energy-adjusted DII (E-DIITM) scores were derived from 3-day food diaries. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare cardiovascular outcomes across repeated-measures DII tertiles (low, medium, and high), adjusting for intervention, period, sequence, age, sex and waist circumference. Results: Forty-three participants completed this study. At baseline, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL differed significantly across DII tertiles (p &lt; 0.05). However, over time, cardiovascular outcomes did not differ between medium or high versus low DII tertiles, and no significant time-by-tertile interactions were observed (all p &gt; 0.05). DII values remained stable, while E-DII showed modest within-person reductions during both intervention periods (mean reduction: 0.886 units vs. 0.596 units). Conclusions: In this healthy cohort, there was no evidence of a consistent association between DII and short-term differences in cardiovascular outcomes across the intervention period. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the observational nature of DII groupings. Longer-duration studies with greater variation in dietary inflammatory potential are warranted to clarify the relationship between DII and cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1780049216000},"page":"1732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Australian Adults: A Secondary Analysis of the OLIVAUS Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jocelynne","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1385-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT (The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia"},{"name":"PA-Southside Clinical Unit, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29206, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29206, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Itsiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Moschonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8555-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases and Implementation Science, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Sarapis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). 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